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Micro - PCC
Second exam Micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spore forming bacterium that is found ubiquitously in the soil | Bacillus |
| Involved in biological warfare, is a zoonotic disease and is a spore former | Bacillus anthracis |
| What are the 3 diffrent types of anthrax? | 1. Cutaneous 2. Gastrointestinal 3. Inhalation (lungs) |
| Cutnaneous anthrax is characterized with what type of lesion? | Eschar (black, necrotic) |
| Inhalation anthrax aka what? | Wool-sorter's disease |
| Most common type of anthrax? | Cutaneous |
| classically noted for being produced in rice | Bacillus cereus |
| What are the two classifications of bacillus cereus? | 1. Heat stable 2. Heat-sensitive (labile) |
| T or F Bacillus cereus does not form spores | False! |
| The heat-stable variety of bacillus spores flurish in what location? Heat sensitive? | 1. In the rice (especially if the food is quickly cooled) 2. In the gut after ingestion of the spores |
| Listeria monocytogenes grows in _____ across a wide range of pH. | Refridgerated foods |
| What type of temperature does listeria like? | Canada weather....cold! |
| Where is listeria found? | SoilWaterUncooked meatsUnpaturized cheese or milkUnwashed veggies |
| Unborn babies, Newborn babies, Pregnant woman, Elderly, Organ transplant people, Cancer patients : what types of foods these people should avoid like the plague? | Any type of food that could contain listeria: Uncooked meatsUnpaturized cheese or milkUnwashed veggies |
| 1.What is the neonatal diseases associated with listeria? 2.Potential complication? | 1. Listeriosis 2. Meningitis |
| This is the forth most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults? (This means that not only neonates can get this but adults also) | Listeria |
| How do you prevent the propagation of listeria? | 1. Pasturize the milk2. Avoid high risk foods3. Wash your veggies! |
| T or F: Garderella vaginalis is part of the woman's normal flora | sure |
| What kind of cells are associated with garderella vaginalis? | Clue cells |
| Garderella vaginalis results from ____ NOT an infection | Imbalance in the natural flora |
| Hallmark symptom of garderella vaginalis? | Foul, fishy smell |
| 1. Vaginal pH more that 7 = ? 2. Vaginal pH less than 7 = ? | 1. Garderella vaginalis 2. Yeast infection |
| Is garderella vaginalis an STD | Fuck no... she just said it so i made a card for it. |
| Babes-Ernst bodies are Pavlov for what? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria) |
| Why is diphtheria potentially so dangerous? | Interferes with RNA synthesis and protein production... you die! |
| What vaccine are children given to protect them against diphtheria? | DTaP vaccine |
| What is the test associated with diphtheria? | Shick test |
| What is contained in the DTaP vaccine? | Toxoids |
| What are the two types of actinomycetes? | 1. Nocardia 2. Actinomyces |
| 4 types of nocardia | 1. Acute and chronis suppurative 2. Bronchiopulmonary3. Cutaneous4. Actinomycotic mycetoma |
| Actinomycotic mycetoma aka what? | Madura foot |
| 2 types of thermophilic actinomycetes | 1. Farmer's lung2. Whipples disease |
| Hypersensitivity reaction due to repeated exposure to organisms...patients may develop granulomatous tissues in the lungs with repeated exposure | Farmer's lung |
| T or F: Farmer's lung is a very resistant infection | False! It is not an infection, it is an alergic reaction |
| Considered to be primarily a malabsorption disease | Whipple's disease |
| Whipples disease is associated with what? | Actinomycetes |
| AIDS = increase in what disease? | TB |
| TB, Leprosy (hansen's disease) and MAI fall under what broader catagory? | Mycobacterium spp. |
| TB aka what? | Consumption |
| TB infection of the vertebral column, usually in children | Pott's disease |
| What is the composition of TB? | High lipid content |
| Is TB a lifelong infection? | ya think?! |
| _____ are the only known natural resevoirs for TB | Humans |
| How do you spread TB? | Through the air...inhalation of infectious aresol or through dried sputum |
| TB is common in what type of living conditions? | Overcrowded, poorly sanitized |
| Why is one of the major reason's we pasturize milk? | TB can be transmitted from cow to human |
| Primary lesion of TB | Ghon focus |
| Initial infection of TB is where? | Lungs |
| In TB, ____ ____ gather at the site of infection to wall off the bacteria and prevent further spread of infection | Activated macrophages |
| In TB, these can be penetrated by activated macrophages, which are able to kill all the bacteria within | Small granulomas |
| In TB, these become necrotic and develop a fibrous capsule which protects the bacteria from being killed by the macrophage | Large granulomas |
| What happens if the granuloma can no longer contain the infection? | Active TB will develop |
| The primary lesion of pulmonary TB is called what? | Ghon's focus |
| This occurs when TB spreads from the lungs to the bloodstream and then infects the spine | Pott's disease |
| Leprosy AKA what? | Hansen's disease |
| What species can contract leprosy? | Humans and Armadillos |
| This causes chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves | Leprosy |
| T or F: Immune compromise is required for leprosy to occur | True |
| 3 forms of leprosy | 1. Lepromatous leprosy 2.Tuberculoid leprosy3.Intermediate "pretty" leprosy |
| Progressive, disfiguring, malignant form of leprosy | Lepromatous leprosy |
| Localized form of leprosy...infection is limited to one area of skin | Tuberculoid leprosy |
| Leprosy that pulls skin tight (leaving no wrinkles) | Intermediate or "pretty" leprosy |
| Where do you find the most abundant source of mycobacterium leprae in the infected host? | Nasal mucosa |
| T or F: Leprosy has no cure | False! |
| 1. Clostridium exists are part of our normal flora in our _____. 2. What triggers sporulation? | 1. GI tract 2. oxygen |
| Clostridium: 1. Ability to survive harsh conditions by the production of ___.2. Rapid growth within host tissues under ___ conditions.3. Production of ___. | 1. Spores2. Anaerobic3. Toxins |
| Clostridium perfringens can cause what? | Food poisoning |
| What types of toxins are produced by clostridium perfringens? (4) | 1. Alpha toxins2. Beta toxins3. Epsilon and iota toxins4. Enterotoxins |
| This toxin produces necrosis, especially in the GI tract. | Beta toxin |
| These toxins increase vascular permiability of the GI wall | Epsilon and iota toxins |
| 1. This toxin is produced in the gut during sporulation. 2. Is it heat labile or stable? | 1. Enterotoxins2. Labile |
| Gas gangerine aka what? | Myonecrosis |
| C. perfringens serotype A, typically from the ____, is associated with what? (3) | 1. Soil2. Gas gangerene, Cellulitis or faciitis and food poisoning |
| Meat that had been slowly or inadequatly cooked will likely cause what type of food poisoning? | Clostridial food poisoning |
| C. perfringens serotype A: toxin or infection? | Infection |
| C. perfringens serotype C: toxin or infection? | Toxin |
| Clostridial food poisoning: toxin or infection? | Infection |
| Gas gangerene: toxin or infection? | Infection |
| 1. C. perfringens, serotype C causes what?2. Toxin or infection? | 1. Enteritis necroticans2. Toxin! |
| Enteritis necroticans is to to the ___ which is typically produced by C. Perfringens serotype C. | Beta-toxin |
| Most toxic toxin ever in the history of the universe is what? | Botulism... 1 gram can kill everyone in the US |
| This guy is found in normal flora but when we take take antibiotics and wipe out normal flora, it can be problematic. | Clostridium difficile |
| C. difficile is found in the ___ of humans. | GI tract |
| 1. Clinical condition associated with C. difficile.2. AKA what? | 1. Antibiotic associated colitis 2. Pseudomembranous colitis |
| Treatment drug for C. difficile | Vancomycin |
| Clostridium botulinum: toxin or infection? Heat stable or labile? | 1. Toxin (most dangerous toxin EVAR!) 2. Labile |
| T or F: C. Botulinum is an aerobic spore former | False -- Anaerobic |
| Types of toxins produced by clostridum botulinum (3) | A, B and E |
| A, B and E toxins target what part of the human anatomy> | Cholenergic nerves |
| 1. When A, B and E toxins attack cholenergic nerves, what is the result? 2. Why? | 1. Flaccid paralysis2. Neurotransmission is blocked |
| For food born botulism, specific conditions must exist for the toxin to be produced...name 3 | 1. Neutral pH2. Anaerobic conditions3. Must have viable spores |
| Since food born botulism is heat labile, what must we do to get rid of it? | Thoroughly cook the food... go figure |
| 1. Can you recover from food born botulism? 2. what must happen? | 1. Yes2. Regeneration of the damaged nerve endings... may take years |
| Symptoms include "floppy baby", poor muscle tone and failure to thrive. | Infant botulism |
| 1. Never feed a baby what? 2. Why? | 1. Honey 2. Lots of C. botulinum spores |
| 1. Clostridium tetani: toxin or infection? 2. What type of paralysis? | 1. toxin2. Spastic |
| Clostridium tetani cause what gang? | Tetanus...very good! |
| Second most potent biological toxin known | Tetanus |
| Why do you get spastic paralysis with tetanus? | The toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitters at the inhibitory synapse which results in continued excitatory synaptic activity |
| Which is faster acting: Clostridium tetani or Clostridium botulinum? | Botulinum... Tetani can take days to months to show symptoms |
| Trismus, lockjaw, sardonic smile or risus sardonicus are all pavlov for what? | Tetanus (clostridium tetani) |
| 3 types of tetanus | 1. Localized tetanus2. Cephalic tetanus3. neonatal tetanus |
| What does vaccination with the tetanus toxoid do? | Antibodies neutralize toxin to prevent interaction with synaptic tissue |
| What vaccination is given for tetanus? | DPT... the T part of that vaccine |
| Acne can cause what? | Actinomyces |
| Acne is derived from what microorganism? | Propionibacterium acnes |
| All gram negative bacteria have what? | ENDOTOXINS! |
| Neisseria is gram negative or positive? | Negative (hence it has an endotoxin) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae aka what? | Gonococcus |
| Females present symptoms in which manner for gonorrhoeae? | Often assymptomatic |
| Gonorrhoeae left untreated in female can cause what? | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
| What type of parasite is gonorrhoeae? | Obligate parasite |
| What is the battle strategy of gonorrhoeae that allows it to invade our bodies? | Cleaves IgA in muccous (therefor protecting it from cell mediated clearance) |
| People who have a deficiency in there ___ ___ ___ are more at riskto become infected once exposed to gonorrhoeae and are at a greater risk systemic disease once infected. | Compliment mediated immunity |
| 2nd most reported STD in the US? 1st? | 1. gonorrhoeae 2. Chlamydia |
| If exposed to gonorrhoeae, who has a higher risk of contracting it: men or woman? | Woman |
| Signs and symptoms: gonorrhoeae: men:1. primarily located in the ____2. Painful ____3. Large amount of ___ discharge | 1. Urethra2. Urination3. Purulent |
| Gonorrhoeae: woman:1. Primarily targets the ____2. Symptoms include what? (3) | 1. cervix2. Vaginal discharge, dysuria and abdominal pain |
| What race shows a higher incidence of gonorrhoeae? | African americans |
| Other complication that can be cause by gonococcus (4) | 1. Gonococcemia2. Purulent conjunctivitis3. Pharyngitis4. Anorectal gonorrhoeae |
| Meisseria meningitidis causes what? | The flu |
| Meisseria meningitidis is a gram negative diplococcus that colonizes the ___ of healthy people | Oropharynx |
| Large amounts of endotoxin stimulate an overwhelming systemic reaction called what? | Endotoxic shock |
| What is a great way to contract Meisseria meningitidis? | Through transmission by respiratory droplets (especially among people living in close contact for long periods of time) |
| Largest group of medically important bacteria | Family enterobactericae |
| Includes strict pathogens such as shigella, salmonella and yersinia | Family enterobactericae |
| Includes man normal flora organisms as well as opportunists, including escherichia, klebsiella and proteus | Family enterobactericae |
| Surface antigens of Family enterobactericae? (3) | 1. O antigen2. K antigen3. H antigen |
| Comprised of LPS terminal polysaccharide | O antigen |
| Capsular polysaccharide | K antigen |
| Flagellar subunits, aka flagellin | H antigen |
| Capsule of Family enterobactericae: 1. inhibits _____ by PMNs and macrophages 2. Covers cell wall antigen which interferes with what? 3. ______ to capsular antigens eventually develop | 1. Phagocytosis2. Antibody recognition and binding3. Protective antibodies |
| 3 virulence factors important for Family enterobactericae | 1. Capsule2. Flagella3. Fimbriae |
| 2 characteristics of the flagella of Family enterobactericae | 1. Motility2. Presence of H antigen |
| Importance of fimbriae in Family enterobactericae | Adhesion |
| Escherichia is part of the normal flora of the ____ | GI tract |
| Escherichia: _____ allow bacteria to adhere to the ____ and ____ | 1. Adhesins2. Urinary tract epithelium3. GI tract epithelium |
| Escherichia: what types of toxins? (4) | 1. Shiga and shiga-like toxins2. Hemolytic toxins3. Heat stable toxins4. Heat labile toxins |
| Potential clinical condition of Escherichia (4) | 1. Septicemia2. Urinary tract infection3. Neonatal meningitis4. Gastroenteritis |
| Typically occurs following a UTI or perforation that allows the bacteria to seep in the body's cavities. | Septecemia due to Escherichia |
| Most common type of Escherichia | E. Coli |
| A patient presenting with septecimia du to Escherichia may have a great amount of pain where? | Lower back |
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli is responsible for what clinical condition? AKA what? | Traveler's diarrhea --- Montezuma's Revenge |
| Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: 1. Most notable strain 2. Comes from where? 3. Dangerous? | 1. 0157:H7 2. Undercooked ground beef 3. Yep! can kill you |
| Largest outbreak of salmonella in US history was due to what? | Jewel Milk |
| Why do we not sell turtles as pets anymore? | Because they carry salmonella |
| 5 clinical conditions of salmonella | 1. Enteritis 2. Septicemia 3. Enteric fever 4. Asymptomatic carriage 5. Paratyphoid fever |
| Most common form of salmonellosis? Infection or toxin? | Enteritis --- Infection |
| Enteric fever aka what? | Typhoid fever |
| Through what route does salmonella travel to infect us? | Fecal-oral |
| When does salmonella become a danger? | Once it crosses into the blood stream like in typhoid fever |
| Shigellosis aka what? | Bacillary dysentery |
| 1. Shigella is found in humans but mostly affects who? can run rampid where? | 1. Children 2. Daycares |
| Infection of shigella is mainly through the ______ route | Fecal-oral |
| Hallmark symptoms of shigellosis | Lower abdominal crfamps and tenesmus with pus and blood in the stool |
| How do we prevent the spread of shigella | Wash your hands dammit! |
| In yersinia what is the vector and what is the resevoir? | Vector = Flea Resevoir = rat |
| Yersinia was responsible for what pandemic? | Plague, Black death |
| 3 types of plagues and what part of the body is affected | 1. Bobonic (Lymph nodes) 2. Pneumonic (Lungs) 3. Septicemic (Blood) |
| Which of the plagues is the only one that can be spread human to human? | Pneumonic |
| 1. Who does klebsiella pneumonia mostly affect? 2. Where is it most likely to run rampant? | 1. compromised hosts and alcoholics 2. Hospital (Nosocomial) |
| What is the second most common cause of UTIs? | Proteus |
| What did she say about serratia marcescens? | She said they were cute cause they are pink |
| Where is serratia marcescens most likely to grow? | In soap scum (bathroom) |
| Vibrio cause what? | Cholera, gastrointeritis and wound infections |
| Hallmark of cholera | Rice-water stools |
| Types of vibrio | Vibrio cholera, halophilic vibrio |
| Most common cause of bacterial diarrheal gastroenteritis in the US | Camphylobacter jejuni |
| Serious complication that can result from camphylobacter jejuni | Guillaine-Barre syndrome |
| Causes ulcers (found where?) | Helicobacteria (stomach acid) |
| Where do you find alot of pseudomonas? | Hot tubs!! ewww |
| If you don't control haemophilus influenza, what can result? | Meningitis and middle ear infection |
| 1 Old vaccine that was given to prevent haemophilus influenza? 2. New vaccine contains what? | 1. Hib vaccine 2. prp capsular antigen complex with a protein |
| Haemophilus influenza biotype aegyptius aka what? | Koch-Week's bacillus (pink eye) |
| Haemophilus ducreyi is a what? | STD |
| 1. Bordetella pertussis aka what? 2. What vaccine is given? 3. Kills who? 4. Toxin or infection? | 1. Whooping cough 2. DPT vaccine 3. Mostly infants in the first couple months of life 4. Toxin |
| Clinical condition associated whit Francisella? AKA what? | 1. Tularemia 2. Rabbit fever or Glandular fever |
| Clinical condition associated with Brucella? AKA what? (2) | 1. Brucellosis 2. Undulant fever or Bang's disease |
| 2 clinical conditions associated with legionella | 1. Pontiac fever 2. Legionnaire disease |
| Legionnaire's disease is a sever form of what? | Pneumonia |
| 1. Bartonella is a vector born bacterium that is carried by what? 2. Originally recognized as the cause of what? | 1. Body lice.. ewww 2. Trench fever (WW1) |
Created by:
LrB
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