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Biology Final 1
Biology B Final Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | All living things are composed of cells |
| Homeostasis | Maintain stable internal conditions (temperature, heart rate) |
| Reproduction | Process in which organisms produce organisms like themselves |
| Evolution | change through time |
| Interdependence | organisms interact with each other |
| Scientific Method | ProblemResearchHypothesis (possible explanation)Experiment (Testing hypothesis)Conclusion |
| Sexual Reproduction | hereditary information combines from 2 organisms of the same species |
| Asexual reporduction | hereditary information is not combine; the original organism and the new organisms are gentically the same |
| Ecology | Study of organisms interacting with each other in their environment |
| Basic Unit of Life | Cell |
| Chemical Reaction Equation | Left side of arrow-ractantright side of arrow-product |
| pH levels | Acids (0-6), blue litmus turns red, sourBases (8-14), red litmus turns blue, bitter, alkalineAcids ahve a higher H+ |
| Number of protons, electrons, and neutrons | Number in top left corner |
| where are protons and neutrons | inside the nuclues |
| were are electrons | in the elctron cloud |
| Chemical Reaction | rearrangement of atoms |
| Covalent Bond | 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons |
| Ionic bond | positively charged particles and negatively charged particle combine |
| Carboyhydrates (function, example) | store energy; glucose |
| proteins (function, example) | skin, muscles, reactions; enzymes |
| lipids (funtion, example) | energy and cell membranes; steroids |
| nucleic acids (funtion, example) | store genetic information; dna, rna |
| Carbohydrates (building block) | monosaccharide |
| proteins (building block) | amino acids |
| lipids (building block) | fatty acids |
| nucleic acids (building block) | nucleotides |
| Cell wall (funtion) | support and structure for plant cells |
| nucleus (function) | contains genetic information and controls the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum (function) | moves molecules to different parts of the cell |
| golgi apparatus (function) | processing and packaging |
| lysosome (function) | digest old organelles |
| mitchondria (function) | makes energy, powerhouse of cell |
| chloroplast (function) | site of photosynthesis |
| ribosome (function) | makes proteins |
| prokaryotes | unicellular organisms that lack nucleus and other organelles |
| eukaryotes | have nucleus and other organelles |
| structure of the cell membrane | lipid bilayer |
| principles of the cell theory | all living things composed of cellscells are the basic unit of living thingsnew cells are produced from existing cells |
| types of passive transport | -sodium potassium pump (pumps Na+ and K+)-exocytosis (process which particles are expelled)-endocytosis (Cells ingest large particles) |
| hypotonic | concentration of solue molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cells (less water in the cel) water moves into the cell causing it to swell |
| hypertonic | concentration of solue molecules outside the cell is higher (less water outside) water moves out causing cell to shrink |
| isotonic | concentration of solutes are equal |
| autotroph | make their own food |
| heterotroph | eat other organisms |
| photosynthesis | uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugars (glucose) |
| pigment used in photosynthesis | chlorophyll |
| pigment | compound that absorbs light |
| C3 pathway | most common, uses calvin cycle to make 3 carbon PGA |
| C4 pathway | used during hot conditions to fix carbon dioxide into 4 carbon molecule |
| CAM pathway | used in hot, dry climates and takes in carbon dioxide at night and uses Calvin cycle during the day (cactus and pineapple) |
| organelle of the plant cell where photosynthesis takes palce | chloroplast |
| 2 main steps of photosynthesis | light reaction, calvin cycle |
| cellular respiration | makes energy by breaking down food |
| 2 types of fermentation | alcoholic (alcohol, carbon dioxide, NDA+)lactic acid (lactic acid, NDA+) [yogurt, cheese, muscle cells] |
| orgnaelle where cellular respiration takes palce | mitochondria |
| 3 main steps of cellular respiration | -clycolysis-krebs-electron transport chain (most ATP) |
| function of ATP | energy is made during cellular respiration |
| aerobic | oxygen is present (produces large amounts of ATP) |
| anaeobic | no oxygen is present (does not make ATP) |
| glucose | starting molecule for glycolysis |
| diploid | 2 sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | 1 set of chromosomes |
| cell cylce | -G1: cell growth-S: DNA is copied-G2: preparation for cell division-M: cell divsion (mitosis) |
| Phases of mitosis | -prophase: DNA coils, centriols and spindles appar-metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle-anaphase: spindles pull chromosomes apart and move to opposite ends of the cell-Telophase: chromosomes uncoil and nucleus reforms |
| mitosis | occurs in body cells and makes 2 identical cells with the same number of chromosomes |
| meiosis | occurs in sex cells and makes 4 different cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes |
| meisosis occurs to | cut the number of chromosomes in 1/2 for sex cells (gametes) |
| asexual reproduction (characteristics) | no meiosis, no union of gametes, offspring are genetically identical to parent, production of offspring from one parent |
| sexual reproduction (characteristics) | meiosis, union of gametes, offspring are gentically different from parents, adapt to new conditions, unique combination of parents' genes |
| heterozygous | 2 different alleles |
| homozygous | same alleles |
| genotype | genetic make-up |
| phenotype | physical appearance |
| genetics | study of heredity |
| allele | alternative form of a gene |
| heredity | transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring |
| gregor mendel | used pea plants to study inheritance of traits |
| characteristics of DNA | double helix, A,T,C,G, in the nucleus |
| parts of DNA nucleotide | deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base |
| base pairing in dna | a=t, c=g |
| characteristics of rna | single strand, u, in the cytoplasm, ribose sugar |
| types of rna and their functions | -mRNA: carries information from nucleus to cytoplasm-tRNA: picks up amino acids in a hairpin shape-rRNA: makes up ribosome |
| transcription | making RNA |
| translation | making protein by putting together amino acids |
Created by:
OliviaMay
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