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biology paper 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the cell membrane responsible for | What passes in and out of the cell |
| cell wall and vacuole | both important for structure |
| cytoplasm | where most of the reactions take place |
| ribosome | responsible for proteinsynthesis |
| mitochondria | where energy is produced |
| magnification equation | magnification = image height / object height |
| DNA- what letters Structre | ATGC Double helix |
| mitosis | one parent cell to two identical daughter cells |
| diffusion | particles move from high concentration to low concentration. moving down the concentration gradient. passive so no energy is needed. |
| osmosis | diffusion for water when it goes through a semi permeable membrane. Pratical- potato, sucrose solution |
| active transport | moves against the concentration gradient. energy is needed. minerals into roots. carrier proteins move the molecules from outside the cell to inside the cell. |
| respiration equation | glucose + oxygen= water + carbon dioxide |
| photosynthesis equation | carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen |
| factors that effect rate of photosynthesis | |
| Light Temperature Carbon dioxide | |
| anaerobic respiration | glucose > lactic acid |
| matabolism | sum of all the chemical reations |
| what are infectious diseases caused by | pathogens - bacteria, fungi, virus, protist |
| body defences | skin platelets mucus acid WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
| lymphocytes | make antibodies that bond to the antigen on the surface of a virus has to be specific shape body remembers it if you have it again making you immune |
| vaccination | inject a dead version into the body so the body will have antibodies to protect you if the real virus arrives |
| who discovered penicillin | Fleming |
| Antibiotics dont do what | kill viruses |
| how to develop drugs | -discovery -development: test on tissues -trails: animal then human blind trials -double blind trial -manufacturing -review |
| what is a blind trial | where half are given the real drug and half are given a placebo to see if the drug works- this avoids bias |
| what is a doubke blind trial | where neither the doctors nor patients know which is the placebo and which is the drug |
| testing antibiotics practical | prepare agar dish. spread bacteria. always open in presence of bunce burner (so other bacteria don't enter the dish) place disks and the one with the biggest diameter after a few days is the best antibiotic |
| types of plant viruses | tabacco mosaic fungus- rose black spot |
| plant mineral deficiency | -nitrate deficiency = stunted growth -magnesium deficiency = yellow leaves |
| plant defences | cell wall waxy cuticle |
| root hair cell | large surface area for osmosis to happen. |
| waxy cuticle | so water doesnt escape |
| upper epidermis | transparent to let light through |
| palisade layer | where most photosynthesis happens |
| spongy mesophyll layer | where gas exchange occurs |
| guard cells | control size of stomata |
| xylem | long tubes made from dead cells that carry water |
| phloem | tubes of cells that use active transport to move substances through the plant |
| transpiration | water evaporates from the leaves and this causes low pressure in the plants. water osmoses into the roots and rises up the xylem |
| transpiration is affected by.. | temperature wind humidity |
| starch food test | uses iodine if present food turns black |
| fats food test | uses ethanol turns cloudy - in a test tube |
| glucose food test | uses benidict solution turns from blue to orang |
| protein food test | uses biuret turns from blue to purple |
| role of enzymes | break down molecules specific to the chemical biological catalysts |
| what ebzyme breaks down starch | AMYLASE starch > sugar |
| Lipids are broken down by... | lipase |
| proteins are broken down by... | protease |
| Lock and key | enzyme has an active site. the substrate fits into the active site and can be broken down by the enzyme and split it apart |
| what haooens to an enzyme in too high of a temperature | the active site denatures. so it changes shape and stops working |
| LUNGS | where gas exchange occurs large surface area |
| parts of the lungs | trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli |
| what are the alveoli | the air sacs where gases o2 and co2 are exchanged alveoli have a large surface area for reaction to have as quickly as possible |
| Part 1 How the heart works | blood enters through the vena cava into the heart in the right atrium. Then trough the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. that goes out through the pulmonary artery to the lungs |
| Part 2 of the heart | the blood becomes oxygenated at the lungs. comes back into the heart through the pulmonary vein. into the left atrium then the left ventricle. pumped out to the body then becomes deoxygenated and enters back in the heart through the vena cava |
| arteries | pumps blood away from the heart thick walls high pressure |
| examples of communicable desieases | virus infection |
| examples of non communicable diseases | CHD Ballooning of an artery diabetes cancer- mutated cells grow out of control |
| risk factors of getting diseases | diet smoking drugs uv light exercise carcinogens |
Created by:
emilieoneil
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