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Biology Exam Sem 1
Chapter 3 and 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the entire contents of the cell, except the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane | cytoplasm |
| transport proteins | a protein that plays a role in the active or passive movement of specific substances through cell membranes |
| selectively permeable | of membranes, allowing some substances to cross and preventing others from crossing |
| glycoproteins | a protein linked to a sugar or polysaccharide, componnet of receptor molecules on the outer surface of cells |
| glycolipids | a lipid covalently linked to a sugar or polysaccharide; an important part of animal cell membranes |
| diffusion | the movement of a substancedown its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area |
| concentration gradient | a diference in the concentration of a substance over a distance |
| osmosis | the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrance from a solution with a lower concetration of solutes to one with a higher concentation of solutes |
| turgor | a cell's swelling against its cell wall caused by the pressure of teh cell's contents |
| passive transport | the diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane |
| active transport | the movement of a substance through a biological membrane against a concentration gradient |
| facilitated diffusion | the spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients |
| endocytosis | the cellular uptake of materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds nad engulfs extracellular materials |
| exocytosis | the release of macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plama membrane |
| alveoli | air sacs in a lung |
| stomates | the opening between two guard cells in the epidermis of a plant leaf through whic gases are exchanged with the air |
| transpiration | the loss of water to the atmosphere by a plant though the stomates in its leaves |
| homeostasis | the tendency for an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment by regulating its metabolism and adjusting to its environment |
| ammonia | a toxic nitrogen compound excreted by some aquatic organisms |
| kidneys | an organ that regulates water and salt levels, filters water and wastes from the blood, and excretes the end products |
| nephrons | the functional unit of a kidney consisting of a glomerulus, its associated capsule, and tubule, surrounded by capillaries |
| urinary system | a vertebrate organ system that regulates levels of water and dissolved substances in the body, excreting wastes as urine |
| urine | the solution of wastes excreted from the kidney |
| ureter | a muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | an organ that stores urine before it is dichared from the body through the urethra |
| urethra | the tube through which urine travels from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| glomerular capsule | the cup of a nephron, which filters blood; also called Bowman's capsule |
| glomerulus | a ball of capillaries surrounded by a glomerular capsule in the nephron; the site of filtration in the kidneys |
| aldosterone | a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland; helps regulate sodium and potassium concentrations and water balance |
| feedback regulation | the regulation of the activity of an enzyme by one of its products |
| antidiuretic hormone | (ADH) a hormone released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary (an endocrine gland in the brain); enhances conservation of water by the kidneys |
| cell theory | the theory that organisms are composed of cells and their products and that these cells are all derived from preexisting cells |
| prokaryotes | an organism whose cells do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei or organlles; a moneran (bacterium) |
| eukaryotes | an organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organells; a protist, a fungus, a plant, or an animal |
| nucleus | the membrane-bound organelle that houses the chromosomes |
| nucleoid | a region in a prokaryotic cell consistin gof a concentrated mass of DNA |
| plasmids | a small ring of DNA in bacteria that carries genes separate from those of the chromosome |
| flagella | long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion; in eukaryotes, they contain a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and 2 single inner microtubules; many protists andcertain animal cellas have this |
| organelles | an organized structure within a cell with a specific function |
| cell wall | a stiff covering around the plasma membrane of certain cells, as in plants, many algae, and some porkaryotes; in plants, the cell wall is constructed partly of cellulose |
| nucleoli | a structure in the nucleus that synthesizes ribosomal RNA |
| plasma membrane | the membrane at the boundary of every cell, which serves as a selctive barrier to the passage of ions and molecules |
| cytoskeleton | a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that run throughout the cytoplam of cukayotic cells and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions |
| lysosome | a cell visicle that contains digestive enzymes |
| centrioles | structure in animal cells and some others composed of cylinders of nine triplet microtubules in a ring; helps organize microtubule assembly during cell division |
| mitochondrion | the organelles in eukayotic cells that carry on cell respiration; the site of ATP aynthesis and of the Krebs cycle |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membranous network in eukayotic cells; composed of ribosomes-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth)regions |
| golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacked membranes that modify and package materials in vesicles for export from the cell |
| cytosol | the gelatinlike portion of the cytoplam that bathes the organelles of the cell |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists; the site of photosythesis |
| vacuole | a membrane-enclosed structure in the cytoplasm of a cell |
| ribosomes | an organelle consisting of two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis |
| vesicles | a small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances |
| cilia | short, hairlike cell appendages specialized for locomotion and formed from a core of nine outer coublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules |
| epidermis | the outer covering of animals and plants |
| organs | an organized group of tissues taht carries on a specialized function in a multicellular organism |
| systems | a group of organs that interact to perform a set of related functions |
| levels of structure in the biosphere | 1. elementary particle 2. subatomic particle 3. atom 4. molecule 5. macromolecule 6. organelle 7. cell 8. tissue 9. organ 10. organ system 11. organism 12. population 13. community 14. ecosystem 15. biosphere |
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