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Chapter 25
Pharmacology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| results from an injury to the musculoskeletal system (such as tearing a muscle) and can cause violent and painful involuntary muscle contractions | muscle spasms |
| muscle spasms cause pain because muscular contraction cuts off blood flow to the muscle fiber, causing _____ _______ to accumulate | lactic acid |
| ______ is the result of damage to neurons within the CNS, rather than from damage to something in the periphery. | spasticity |
| spasticity is permanent. true or false? | true |
| excessive stimulation of the muscles | hypertonia |
| ALL drugs used to cause skeletal muscle relaxation produce their effects through actions in the CNS except what? | dantrolene |
| causes of _____ _____ are epilepsy, hypocalcemia, pain syndromes (acute and chronic), and trauma (localized skeletal muscle injury) | muscle spasm |
| (1) immobilization of affected muscle (2) cold compresses (3) whirlpool baths (4) physical therapy are all examples of what? | physical measures for the treatment of muscle spasm |
| the goal of physical measures of spasm treatment is to _____ the muscle to allow blood flow back to the muscle group and get rid of the excess lactic acid | stretch |
| (1) muscle relaxant (2) analgesic (3) analgesic anti-inflammatory (4) steroids are all classes of drugs used to treat what? | muscle spasm |
| drugs that lyse (destroy) the cells that cause muscle spasm | spasmolytics |
| a centrally-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist thought to increase inhibition of the presynaptic motor neurons in the CNS | tizanidine |
| the primary indication of tizanidine is relief of discomfort associated with _____ painful musculoskeletal condition | acute |
| tizanidine is _____ to other physical actions | adjunctive |
| tizanidine works int eh _____ levels of the CNS, so possible depression must be anticipated with its use | upper |
| _____ is given because it can be effective in the centrally-acting skeletal muscles as a relaxant. this drug can be more advantageous in situations where anxiety may contribute to precipitation of the muscle spasm. | diazepam |
| diazepam relieves _____ spasm, which reduces pain and tenderness, which increases ROM | local |
| _____ and _____ are used therapeutically to: (1) relieve localized spasm cause by muscle injury (2) decrease local pain & tenderness (3) increases ROM (4) causes sedation | diazepam; tizanidine |
| adverse effects of diazepam and tizanidine include _____ CNS depression, hepatic toxicity, and physical dependence | generalized |
| movement disorders of the CNS that originate from damage to the actual nerve | spasticity |
| the most common causes of spasticity are _____ and _____ _____. | MS; cerebral palsy |
| hypertonia, spasm, and loss of dexterity are all characteristics of what? | muscle spasticity |
| (1) baleen (Lioresal) (2) diazepam (valium) (3) dantrolene (tantrum) are all drugs used to treat what? | spasticity |
| dantrolene acts directly on the _____ _____, unlike other drugs used to treat spasticity that act not the CNS | smooth muscle |
| where does Baclofen act to suppress hyperactive reflexes? | spinal cord |
| alleviation of s/s of spasticity of spinal cord injuries or spinal cord disease are all indications for what drug? | baclofen |
| (1) transient drowsiness (2) dizziness (3) weakness (4) fatigue (5) constipation (6) headache (7) insomnia (8) hypotension (9) nausea (10) urinary frequency are all examples of adverse effects of what drug? | baclofen |
| what is the half-life of Baclofen? | 3-4 hours |
| does Baclofen get metabolized? | no, it is excreted in the urine |
| what form of drug administration is when the drug is injected right into the spinal or join area? | intrathecal |
| what forms is Baclofen available in? | oral, intrathecal, and delivery pump |
| what is the only drug labeled to treat spasticity? | diazepam |
| diazepam acts int eh CNS to mimic the action of what? | GABA |
| what are 3 adverse effects of diazepam? | sedation, hypotension, anterograde amnesia |
| diazepam can be given as a tablet, oral solution, rectal gel, or injection via IV or IM. however, rectal gel is reserved for what? | seizures |
| IV or IM diazepam works better than the other forms if that patient is having an acute episode of what _____ _____ | osmotic pain |
| diazepam is a schedule ______ controlled substance? | four |
| with chronic use in high-dose therapy of _____, physical dependence manifesting as a potentially life-threatening abstinence syndrome if abruptly withdrawn can occur | diazepam |
| what drug acts directly on the muscle to suppress the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum | dantrolene |
| dantrolene is used to treat spasticity associated with MS, _____ _____, and _____ _____ injury, as well as malignant hyperthermia | cerebral palsy; spinal cord |
| a potentially fatal condition caused by succinylcholine and general anesthetics | malignant hyperthermia |
| _____ muscle spasm is treated with centrally-acting muscle relaxants and OTC analgesics, such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs | localized |
| all centrally-acting muscle relaxants produce what? | generalized CNS depression |
| what central muscle relaxants less effective than other available drugs and can cause fatal hepatic necrosis | chlorzoxazone |
| abrupt discontinuation of intrathecal Baclofen an lead to what? | rhabdomyolysis, multiple organ system failure, and death |
| a condition that results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream | rhabdomyolysis |
| _____ can cause potentially fatal liver damage with prolonged use. therefore, liver functions should be monitored and the dosage should be minimized during treatment | dantrolene |
Created by:
meaganherlein
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