Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neurology
FA review Round 1 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the associated adverse effects of Enflurane? | Seizures and CNS toxicity |
| Common inhaled anesthetic that is associated with development of seizures. | Enflurane |
| Which inhaled anesthetic is more potent, Halothane or Enflurane? | Halothane |
| What is the most severe adverse effect of Halothane? | Malignant hyperthermia |
| Methoxyflurane adverse effect: | Nephrotoxic |
| What is the adverse effect of N2O as an inhaled anesthetic? | Expansion of trapped gas in the body cavity |
| Which receptors are involved in Miosis and Mydriasis? | Alpha-1 and M-3 |
| Miosis is caused by which type of drugs: | - alpha-1 antagonists - M3 agonists |
| Which receptor in the pupil of the eye, when stimulated by an agonist or antagonist, causes blurred vision? | M3 |
| Miosis with blurry far vision is due to: | Ciliary muscle contraction ("accommodation") |
| Which receptor in the pupil of the eye causes NO effect on Ciliary muscle, regardless of been agonist or antagonist effect? | Alpha-1 |
| The blurred vision caused in Mydriasis by stimulation with M3-antagonist is due to: | Relaxation of ciliary muscle |
| Near blurred vision is seen with Mydriasis or Miosis as it is stimulated in M3-antagonist or -agonist? | Mydriasis with a M3-antagonist |
| What are sympathomimetics? | Substances (drugs) that mimic the effects of sympathetic activation on the heart and circulation |
| What are the stimulated (main) receptors in the use of Sympathomimetics? | Alpha (1 & 2), Beta (1, 2, 3), and Dopamine (1, 2) |
| List of Direct Sympathomimetics: | 1. Albuterol, Salmeterol, and Terbutaline 2. Dobutamine 3. Dopamine 4. Epinephrine 5. Fenoldopam 6. Isoproterenol 7. MIdodrine 8. Mirabegron 9. Norepinephrine 10. Phenylephrine |
| What receptors are stimulated by Epinephrine? | Beta > alpha |
| On high or low doses, is Epinephrine alpha effect more dominant? | High doses |
| What are the receptors targeted by Albuterol? | B2> B1 |
| Which Direct sympathomimetic has a receptor affinity of: alpha-1 > alpha-2 > Beta-1 | Norepinephrine |
| Does epinephrine or norepinephrine has higher affinity to Beta receptors? | Epinephrine |
| If the purpose of the treatment is to stimulate alpha-1 receptors more, which is better to use, NE or Epi? | Norepinephrine |
| What is the receptor used and its affinity to each in relation to each other of Isoproterenol? | B1 = B2 |
| Which is a B-3 direct sympathomimetic? | Mirabegron |
| What are the receptors targeted by Dobutamine (and affinity order)? | B1 > B2, alpha |
| Fenoldopam is: | D1 direct sympathomimetic |
| Which receptors are targeted by Phenylephrine? | alpha-1 > alpha -2 |
| What is a common solely alpha-1 direct sympathomimetic? | Midodrine |
| What infectious organism is the MCC of meningitis in infants of < 6 months of age? | GBS |
| What is the bacterial structure of GBS? | Gram-positive, B-hemolytic, Bacitracin-resistant |
| List of MCC of Meningitis in neonates (0-6 months age): | 1. GBS - #1 cause 2. E. coli 3. Listeria |
| What is the acute treatment for opioid toxicity? | Naloxone |
| What is the MOA of Naloxone? | Pure opioid antagonist |
| Naloxone is used to treat: | Opioid toxicity |
| What are the classic findings in Opioid toxicity? | Pinpoint pupils (miosis), respiratory depression, and coma |
| What condition is treated with Fomepizole? | Alcohol toxicity |
| What medication is used to treat Benzodiazepine overdose? | Flumazenil |
| What is another name for Lateral Medullary syndrome? | Wallenberg syndrome |
| What arterial bodies are dissected, occluded or affected by thrombosis that cause Wallenberg syndrome? | Vertebral or Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) |
| Thrombosis in PICA leads to: | Lateral Medullary syndrome |
| Lateral or Medial medullary syndrome is caused by dissection or thrombosis of PICA? | Lateral Medullary syndrome |
| What manifestations of Wallenberg syndrome are not classified as Ipsilateral or Contralateral? | Hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, decreased gag reflex, as well as, vomit, vertigo, and ataxia |
| What are the IPSILATERAL signs or deficits in Lateral Medullary syndrome? | - Ipsilateral Horner syndrome - Ipsilateral absence of pain and temperature in the face |
| What is the the CONTRALATERAL deficit seen with Lateral Medullary syndrome? | Absence of pain and temperature of the body |
| Patient present with hoarseness of voice, decrease appetite due to pain. Also indicate no pain or temperature in right side of face, and left side of body. Suspected Dx? | Right Lateral Medullary syndrome |
| If a patient present with Ipsilateral Horner syndrome and a decreased sensation of pain/temperature in left arm after thrombosis of right PICA. Dx? | Right Lateral Medullary syndrome |
| Which vessels are affected in Subdural hematomas? | Bridging veins |
| If the patient presents with rupture of Bridging veins in the brain, what is the most likely diagnosis? | Subdural hematoma |
| What is the associated shape of the hematoma in Subdural hematoma CT? | Crescent |
| Easy way to remember that Subdural Hematomas have Crescent -shaped hemorrhage in CT: | The "S" of Subdural hematoma is formed by 2-crescnts |
| Lentiform-shaped hematoma. Dx? | Epidural hematoma |
| Rupture of the MMA at the pterion. Dx? | Epidural hematoma |
| Crescent-shaped hematoma of brain CT. Dx? | Subdural hematoma |
| What is the main function of Oligodendrocytes? | Myelinate CNS axons |
| Which is the most common location for Oligodendrogliomas? | Frontal lobes |
| What is the histological view of Oligodendrocytes? | "Fried egg" appearance |
| Class of drugs of Triptans | Serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists |
| What is the most common use for Triptans? | As abortive treatment for migraine headaches |
| What drug class is most often used for acute treatment of migraine headaches? | Triptans |
| How do Triptan mechanism of action act on treating a migraine headache? | Inducing cerebral vasoconstriction, inhibiting trigeminal activation and preventing vasoactive peptide release |
| Serotonin receptor agonists used for migraines | Triptans |
| What information is known to be carried by the Dorsal column/ Medial Lemniscus tract? | Proprioception, vibration, and light touch |
| What does a (+) Romberg test indicates? | Impaired proprioception, suggesting damage to the Dorsal column/Medial Lemniscus tract |
| Impaired proprioception is indicated by what clinical annotation or result? | (+) Romberg test |
| What medication is used to treat Parkinsonian dyskinesias, commonly? | Amantadine |
| What is the common use for Amantadine? | Anti-parkinsonism; Decrease Parkinsonian dyskinesias, in young patients with mild symptoms |
| What are the two main adverse effects associated with Amantadine? | 1. Ataxia 2. Livedo reticularis |
| What medication is often associated with Livedo reticularis? | Amantadine |
| What causes Livedo Reticularis? | Swelling of the venules due to small blood clots forming in the capillaries |
| What are the effects of Chronic Livedo reticularis? | Permanently dilated and telangiectatic vessels |
| Which foramina is used by CN V3 to exit the skull? | Foramen ovale |
| Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the foramen Ovale? | V3 |
| What is the MCC of VIRAL encephalitis in HIV patients? | HSV-1 infection |
| What lobe is most commonly affected by HSV-1 encephalitis? | Temporal lobe |
| What medication is used to treat HSV-1 encephalitis? | Acyclovir |
| What cells are seen in CSF of HSV-1 (viral) encephalitis sample? | Lymphocytes, and RBCs |
| How are protein and glucose levels in CSF sample of a viral encephalitis? | Normal, to mildly elevated glucose |
| What is the normal INR for a patient on Warfarin? | 2.5 - 3.5 |
| Common antibiotic used topically for rashes, that is known to be a CYP450 inducer. | Griseofulvin |
| Inducers or Inhibitors of CYP450 increase the metabolism of Warfarin? | Inducers |
| An inducer of CYP450 is known to cause what when co-administered with Warfarin? | Increase metabolism of Warfarin, leading to inadequate coagulation and natural decrease in INR |
| What pathogen is the MCC of meningitis in college students living in the dorms? | N. meningitidis |
| What is the most common choice for treating N. meningitis? | Ceftriaxone |
| What generation of Cephalosporin is Ceftriaxone? | 3rd generation |
| Why is Ceftriaxone a proper choice for treatment of Neisseria meningitidis meningitis? | Can cross the BBB |
| What are the clinical symptoms of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy? | Subacute mental status decline, neurological deficits, visual and motor changes, and ataxia |
| What causes in HIV patients PML? | Reactivation of JC virus |
| What conditions i associated by the reactivation of JC virus? | Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy |
| At what CD4+ count is PML often presented in HIV patient? | < 200 cells |
| What are the featured clinical results of PML? | Neuroimaging reveal multiple, non-enhancing white matter lesions with a normal CSF profile |
| What is Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase disorder? | Disturbance in the natural Circadian rhythm, leading to a delayed sleep onset, delated sleep offset and sleep insufficiency |
| List of main functions of Astrocytes: | 1. Physical support and repair cells of the CNS 2. Help maintain the BBB 3. Metabolize potassium |
| Which CNS cells are known to serve as physical support, repair cells in CNS, and maintain the BBB? | Astrocytes |
| What muscles are derived by the Second pharyngeal arch? | 1. Muscle of facial expression 2. Stapedius 3. Stylohyoid 4. Platysma 5. Posterior belly of digastric |
| What branchial arch givers rise to the anterior belly of the digastric? | First branchial arch |
| Muscles of facial expression , are derived from the ____________ branchial arch. | Second |
| What roots convey the Musculocutaneous nerve? | C5 - C7 |
| Which reflex is lost in musculocutaneous nerve injury? | Bíceps reflex |
| Absent biceps reflex is a common feature of: | Musculocutaneous nerve injury |
| What motor actions are lost by injury to the Musculocutaneous nerve? | Loss of flexion of forearm and loss of supination |
| What part of the upper extremity loses sensation by injury to the Musculocutaneous nerve? | Lateral forearm |
| Loss sensation of the lateral forearm is commonly due to injury to which brachial plexus nerve? | Musculocutaneous nerve |
| Which nerve is commonly affected by Upper trunk compression of the Brachial plexus? | Musculocutaneous nerve |
| What is the motor innervation of the Vagus nerve? | Palatal arches and uvula |
| Does a UMN or LMN injury to the CN X, causes a contralateral uvula deviation? | LMN injury |
| Does the uvula deviate to the contralateral or ipsilateral side in LMN CNX injury? | Contralateral |
| Broca, Wernicke, or both, have poor repetition? | Both |
| What is the most common location affected by Wernicke aphasia? | Superior Temporal gyrus of the left temporal lobe |
| What is affected or limited in Wernicke aphasia? | Comprehension and repetition |
| If a person is able to complete words and sentences, but fails to respond to verbal commands, and the sentences are fluent but non-coherent. Dx? | Wernicke's aphasia |
| What is the reversal treatment for Benzodiazepine overdose? | Flumazenil |
| What is the mode of action of Flumazenil? | Competitive antagonist of GABA receptor |
| What is a very common Competitive antagonist of the GABA receptor? | Flumazenil |
| What are the clinical signs indicating probable benzodiazepine overdose? | Somnolence, respirator depression, amnesia, and ataxia |
| Flumazenil is often used in : | Acute reversal of Benzodiazepine overdose |
| Potent CNS stimulant that acts by inhibiting the reuptake of Dopamine, Norepinephrine,and Serotonin. | Cocaine |
| Which hormones are prevented to be retaken by Cocaine? | Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin |
| How does Cocaine work? | Inhibit reuptake of Dopamine, NE, and Serotonin |
| What are featured signs of Cocaine overdose? | Psychomotor agitation, HTN, mydriasis, and at times convulsions |
| What is Muscarine? | Toxin found in some mushrooms that agonized ACh muscarinic receptors |
| What type of receptors are affected by Muscarine? | ACh muscarinic receptors |
| What is the result of agonist effect on ACh receptors by mushroom toxin, muscarine? | Increased activity of PNS which leads to series of symptoms including vasodilation, sweating, salivation, GI motility, miosis, etc |
| Would the consumption of some toxic mushrooms will cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, if such contains muscarine? | Vasodilation |
| What is a more common name for Rubeola? | Measles |
| What virus is associated with development of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis? | Measles |
| Does Rubella or Rubeola causes SSPE? | Rubeola |
| What is the clinical profile of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis? | Dementia, myoclonus, and personality changes, after 2-10 years after initial Rubeola (Measles) virus infection |
| What is that possible and severe consequence of badly treated childhood Measles infection? | Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis |
| What are the clinical deficits seen with MCA infarction? | 1. Contralateral face and arm weakness of UMNs 2. Gaze preference toward the side of lesion and variable unilateral neglect |
| An MCA lesion produces a gaze preference toward or away the side of the lesion? | Toward |
| MCA infarction causes deficits in face/arms or in legs? | Face and arms |
| MCA infarction deficits are produced ipsilateral or contralateral? | Contralateral arms and face |
| MCA infarction ins the dominant hemisphere produces: | Aphasia |
| Which hemisphere is affected if the MCA occlusion produces hemineglect? | Non-dominant |
| Which is more common to be the dominant brain hemisphere, right or left? | Left |
| Which is most commonly the non-dominant hemisphere, right or Left? | Right |
| Which Dopamine pathway is interrupted by Antipsychotics? | Nigrostriatal pathway |
| What type of symptoms or effects are produced by interfering the Nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways? | EPS |
| What are some common EPS due to antipsychotic effects? | Dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and Parkinsonism |
| A interruption or deficit to the Tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in: | Increased prolactin, sexual dysfunction, and galactorrhea |
| If the patient present with dystonia and movement disorders, is fair to assume which dompanie pathway was altered? | Nigrostriatal pathway |
| ACA defects due to blockage or infarction will result in: | Contralateral leg paresis |
| Does ACA infarct deficits produce contralateral or ipsilateral leg deficits? | Contralateral leg paresis |
| What causes the Leg cortical-type sensory loss in ACA infarction? | Damage to the sensory cortex |
| What is the most common symptom or sign of a pineal mass? | Symptoms of ICP |
| What causes the ICP seen with penal masses? | Obstruction of CSF flow by a space-occupying lesion |
| What is a severe complication of Pineal masses compressive effects? | Parinaud syndrome |
| What region is compressed by a Pineal mass in order to produce Parinaud syndrome? | Pretectal region of the midbrain |
| The compression of the Pretectal region of the midbrain may cause: | Parinaud syndrome |
| What are the main features of Parinaud síndrome? | Vertical gaze and Pupil abnormalities |
| What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients? | Toxoplasmosis |
| What is Toxoplasmosis? | CNS infection in HIV patients with CD4 count < 100, that leads to focal neurologic deficits and chorioretinitis |
| What is the MCC of focal brain lesions, comma, and death in HIV patients? | Toxoplasmosis |
| Common cause of encephalitis in HIV-infected patients | Toxoplasmosis |
| Disorder caharcted by degeneration of Dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra par compacta. | Parkinson disease |
| Neurons from the Substantia nigra project into the: | Striatum |
| What are the components of the Striatum? | Putamen and Caudate |
| Putamen + Caudate = | Striatum |
| What part of the Basal ganglia functions by modulating activity in both direct and indirect pathways of the Dopamine effects? | Striatum |
| Which hemisphere, left or right, has the language centers in most people? | Left |
| Which arterial body is known to most commonly supply the Language centers in the brain? | Left MCA |
| MCA infarction results in what type of aphasia? | Broca aphasia |
| In which aphasia, Broca or Wernicke, does the patient get frustrated by not been able to produce words or sentences, but have good comprehension? | Broca aphasia |
| What is the most common childhood supratentorial tumor? | Craniopharyngioma |
| What are the associated clinical deficits seen in Craniopharyngioma in a child? | Headaches and bitemporal hemianopia |
| From what tissue are Craniopharyngiomas derived? | Remnants of the Rathke's pouch |
| Which childhood brain tumor is derived from remnants of the Rathke's pouch? | Craniopharyngioma |
| A craniopharyngioma will present with increase or decrease secretion of anterior pituitary hormones? | Decrease |
| Does a prolactinoma or craniopharyngioma, is more likely to present with low levels of GH? | Craniopharyngioma |
| What are the motor and sensory deficits seen in S1 radiculopathy? | 1. Decreased sensation of Posterior Leg and Lateral foot 2. Diminished ankle-jerk reflex 3. Weak plantarflexion of the foot 4. Back pain radiating to the lower extremity 5. Positive Straight leg raise est |
| What is commonly herniated tint order to develop S1 radiculopathy? | L5-S1 disc |
| Which part of the led loses sensation in S1 radiculopathy? | Posterior loeg and lateral foot |
| Diminished ankle-jerk reflex, is commonly seen in? | S1 radiculopathy |
| Which reflex is affected by S1 radiculopathy? | Ankle-jerk reflex |
| Is Plantarflexion or dorsiflexion of foot affected by S1 radiculopathy? | Plantarflexion of foot |
| A positive Straight Leg Raise test is seen with which condition? | S1 radiculopathy |
| When does an Uncal Herniation occur? | It occurs when a Supratentorial mass pushes that medial temporal lobe medially and inferiorly, compressing the Ipsilateral oculomotor nerve and contralateral crus cerebri, against the Kernohan's notch |
| What structures are compressed in Uncal herniations? | 1. Ipsilateral Oculomotor nerve 2. Contralateral Crus cerebri against Kernohan's notch |
| Which nerve is commonly affected in a Left sided Uncal herniation? | Left CN3 |
| Uncal herniations will present with ipsilateral or contralateral hemiparesis? | Contralateral hemiparesis |
| Which part of the Basal Ganglia is targeted in ablation treatment for Parkinson disease? | Internal segment of the Globus Pallidus |
| Which is the possible condition been diagnosed in a patent schedule to have the internal segment of the Globus pallidus ablated? | Parkinson disease |
| What is the intended result of ablation of internal segment of Globus pallidus in Parkinson disease? | Decrease inhibitions of the Thalamus, leading to improvement of bradykinesia |
| Which date value is most affected by an outlier in a small set of data? | Mean |
| What is the triad seen in NPH? | 1. Urinary incontinence 2. Ataxia 3. Dementia |
| What is the cause for NPH? | Decreased CSF absorption into the venous system |
| Which sinus is most commonly affected in NPH? | Superior Sagittal sinus |
| What conditions is often seen with a deficit or affection to the Superior Sagittal sinus ? | NPH |
| What is the main clinical symptom of Cerebellar hemispheres? | Limb ataxia |
| Limb ataxia due to cerebellar hemisphere lesions causes Contralateral or Ipsilateral? | Ipsilateral |
| What is a common type of limb ataxia? | Dysmetria |
| What is Dysmetria? | Lack of coordination |
| What is a clinical sign of Dysmetria? | Overshoot of intended limb movement |
| What is Conversion disorder? | Dysfunction of water or sensory symptoms without a physiological cause, often following an acute stressor |
| What is the associated motor effects of Conversion disorder? | Normal deep tendon reflexes and normal sensation |
| What is a featured characteristic of Conversion disorder? | La belle indifference |
| Which nerve is injured in Thyroid surgery that leads to hoarseness of voice? | Recurrent Laryngeal branch of the Vagus nerve |
| What surgery may cause injury to the Recurrent Laryngeal branch of CN X? | Thyroid surgery |
| What is the main result of damaged recurrent laryngeal branch of Vagus nerve? | Hoarseness of the voice |
| The Recurrent Laryngeal branch of the Vagus nerve is derived from which branchial arch? | 6th Branchial arch |
| What muscles are innervated by CN X recurrent laryngeal branch? | All intrinsic muscles except for the Cricothyroid |
| Which muscle is not innervated by CN recurrent laryngeal nerve? | Cricothyroid |
| Common drug that is known to stimulate muscarinic receptors M1, M2, and M3? | Pilocarpine |
| How does Pilocarpine help in treating dryness of an eye? | M3 receptor stimulation leads to increase secretion of lacrimal and salivary glands |
| Which G-protein-linked second messenger pathway does M3 stimulate? | Gq |
| What is the overall effect of stimulating M3 receptor? | Increase in intracellular calcium levels |
| What is another name for the Plantar reflex? | Babinski sign |
| By what age is the Babinski reflex commonly lost? | After 18-24 months of age |
| What is the Babinski sign? | Primitive reflex in which an infant responds to stroking the bottom of foot with dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning out of the rest of the toes |
| Which lobe of the brain develops enough for the Babinski sign to disappear? | Frontal lobe |
| What type of lesion is to be suspected with an adult with (+) Babinski sign? | UMN lesion |
| An UMN lesion will present with what type of abnormal reflex? | (+) Babinski sign |
| What is the most common transmission mode for a mother to contract Toxoplasmosis? | Via cat feces |
| What are the neonatal manifestations of Congenital Toxoplasmosis? | Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications |
| Neonate with intracranial calcifications, and hydrocephalus. Which is the most likely ToRCHES infection? | Congenital Toxoplasmosis |
| HSV latency establishment in sensory ganglia uses what protein transport? | DYENIN-dependent retrograde transport |
| The reactivation or recurrence of HSV infection, is due to what protein transport? | Kinesin-dependent anterograde transport |
| Reactivation of HSV infection in lips, is due to Dynein or Kinesin transport? | Kinesin-dependent anterograde transport |
| In which ganglia is HSV latency established? | Sensory ganglia |
| What is the earliest symptom of Alcoholic Cerebellar degeneration? | Gait impairment |
| What are the late manifestations of Alcoholic Cerebellar degeneration? | Dysarthria, intermittent diplopia or blurred vision |
| What is dysarthria? | Weakness in the muscles used for speech, which often causes slowed or slurred speech. |
| What are the clinical features of Bell palsy? | Ipsilateral dry eye, dry mouth, decreased taste sensation, retroauricular pain, sensitivity to noise and facial paralysis |
| Which cranial nerve is involved in Bell palsy? | Facial nerve |
| Do Bell palsy causes Ipsilateral or Contralateral deficits? | Ipsilateral |
| What is a common result or complication of Pinealomas? | Parinaud syndrome |
| What are the features of Parinaud syndrome? | Paralysis of upward gaze |
| What are the common complications of Pinealomas? | 1. Parinaud syndrome 2. Obstructive hydrocephalus 3. Precocious puberty in males |
| What are the sings and symptoms of Cerebellar dysfunction? | Ataxia, dysmetria, dysarthria, and nystagmus |
| What are the functions of Cerebellum? | 1. Modulates movement 2. Aids in coordination and balance |
| What are the complications of LATERAL cerebellum lesions? | 1. Affect voluntary movement of extremities 2. Propensity to fall to injured side |
| What are signs of medial cerebellar injury? | Truncal ataxia, nystagmus, and head-tilting |
| What are the main characteristics of NF-type 1? | 1. Neurofibromas 2. Cafe-au-lait spots 3. Lisch nodules |
| What are Lisch nodules in NF type 1? | Pigmented nodules on the iris |
| How are neurofibromas appear in NF1? | Bumpy prominences in upper back and shoulders |
| What causes VHL syndrome? | Deletion of VHL gene on chromosome 3 |
| What are the tumors associated in VHL syndrome? | Hemangioblastomas in cerebellum and spine, RCC, and Retinal angiomas (retinal capillary hemangioblastoma) |
| Which parts of nervous system have the cell bodies of UMNs? | Cortex and Brainstem |
| Where do UMN synapse? | At ganglia of LMN of the anterior horn and modulate voluntary motor and reflexes of skeletal muscle |
| UMN are proximal or distal to anterior horn? | Proximal |
| LMN are proximal or distal to anterior horn? | Distal |
| Which are Proximal to anterior horn, UNM or LMN? | UMN |
| Which are distal to anterior horn, UMN or LMN? | LMN |
| What is the genetic make up of HSV? | Enveloped, double-stranded, linear virus |
| What is the MCC of Temporal encephalitis in HIV patients? | HSV-2 infection |
| What are the actions done by alpha-1 receptor? | Increase vascular smooth muscle contraction, miosis |
| What are some actions of Beta-2 receptor? | Vasodilation and bronchodilation |
| Description of a Cluster headache: | Severe, recurrent, and unilateral headache with conjunctival injection, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and transient Horner syndrome |
| Which headache type is associated with lacrimation and unilateral location? | Cluster headache |
| What is the MC prophylaxis medication for a Cluster headache? | Verapamil |
| What are the treatments for acute cluster headache? | Sumatriptan and 100% oxygen |
| Common use for Verapamil: | Prophylaxis of Cluster headache |
Created by:
rakomi
Popular USMLE sets