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Human Body03
Chapter 3 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | the smallest unit, or the building blocks of all living things |
| Cells are mainly made of what 4 elements? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Nucleus | the control center of the cell containing genetic information |
| Nuclear Membrane | also called nuclear envelope; a double membrane barrier around the nucleus |
| Nucleoli | one or more small, darkstaining, round bodies, where ribosomes are assembled |
| Chromatin | Loose network of bumpy threads scattered throughout the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | chromatin threads that coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies |
| Plasma Membrane | a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cells contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. Also called cell membrane |
| Microvilli | tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell's surface area for absorption |
| Tight Junctions | impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through |
| Desmosomes | anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart |
| Gap Junctions | neighboring cells are connected by connexons allowing communication between cells |
| Cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane |
| 3 Major Elements of Cytoplasm... | the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions |
| Cytosol | semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements |
| Organelles | metabolic machinery of the cell, each carry out a specialized function |
| Inclusions | not functioning units, are instead chemical substances that may or may not be present |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, much of cellular metabolism occurs here, provides ATP for cellular energy |
| Ribosomes | tiny, dark bodies made of proteins, are sites of protein synthesis in the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | (ER) a system of fluid-filled cisterns(tubules, or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm |
| Rough ER | contains ribosomes, building materials of cell membrane are formed |
| Smooth ER | functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs |
| Golgi Apparatus | sorts, modifies, and packages proteins; contain secretory vessicles |
| Lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes to digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and foreign substances in the cell |
| Peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances |
| Free Radicals | highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids |
| Cytoskeleton | an elaborate network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm |
| Intermediate Filaments | help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell |
| Microfilaments | involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
| Microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles |
| Centrioles | rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; internally they are made up of fine microtubules |
| Cilia | whiplike celular extensions that move substances along the cell surface |
| Flagella | propels the cell itself |
| Membrane Transport | movement of materials into and out of the cell |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
| Solvent | the substance present in the largest amount in a solution |
| Solutes | components or substances present in smaller amounts |
| Intracellular Fluid | fluid within the cell |
| Interstitial Fluid | fluid between cells |
| Selectively Permeable | a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others |
| Passive Transport | substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell |
| Active Transport | the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process |
| Diffusion | particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution. Movement is from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Simple Diffusion | solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through the membrane pores |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | substances require a protein carrier for passive transport |
| Filtration | the process in which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure or hydrostatic pressure |
| 2 Common Forms of Active Transport are... | solute pumping and bulk transport |
| Exocytosis | moves substances out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | extracellular substances are engolfed into the cell in a membranous vessicle |
| 2 Types of Endocytosis are... | phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | cell eating |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| Cell Life Cycle | a series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides |
| 2 Major Periods of Cell Life Cycle | Interphase and cell division |
| Interphase | Cell grows and carries on metabolic processes; DNA is replicated |
| Cell Division | Mitosis; to produce more cells for growth and repair processes |
| Stages of Mitosis | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis |
| Gene | a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | small cloverleaf shaped molecules |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | carry the "messege" containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Transcription | the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA |
| Translation | the language of nucleic acids is "translated" into the language of proteins |
| Tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and function |
| 4 Primary Tissue Types | epithelium, connective, nervous, and muscular |
| Epithelium Tissue | the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body |
| Epithelium Functions are... | protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion |
| Epithelium Characteristics... | cells fit closely together; tissue layer always has one free surface; the lower surface is bound by a basement membrane; it is avascular (no blood supply); regenerate easily if well nourished |
| Epithelium Classifications.. | number of cell layers; simple - one layer; stratified - more than one layer |
| Epithelium Classification | Shape: squamous-flattened, cuboidal-cube-shaped, columnar-column like |
| Simple Squamous | single layer of flat cells; usually forms membranes; lines body cavities; lines lungs and capillaries |
| Simple Cuboidal | single layer of cube like cells; common in glands and their ducts; forms walls of kidney tubules; covers the ovaries |
| Simple Columnar | single layer of tall cells; often includes goblet cells which produce mucus; lines digestive tract |
| Pseudostratified | Single layer, but may look like a double cell layer; Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract; May function in absorption or secretion |
Created by:
ebalser03
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