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BI152Urinary
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Kidneys: | Filters, Regulates volume/chemical makeup in blood, metabolizes active Vitamin D (D3), produces EPO, gluconeogenesis, produces renin |
| Function of kidneys; details on filtration volume /how often? | nearly 180ml of fluid day and 5 liters blood every 40 minutes! |
| Functions of kidneys: how does the kidney regulate the volume/chemical makeup of blood? | By doing the following, what is acheived and which organ is this by? in the 5 l of blood, 3 l are plasma...this needs to be maintained by recycling AA, glucose, and balancing electrolytes. |
| Functions of kidneys: details on hepatocytes ability to metabolize which important hormone (37 organs depend on this!) | which cells make active vitamin D (D3) from D1 (food and sunlight)? ( |
| Functions of the kidney: production of what? | EPO for erythropoeisis and renin for BP control (is stimulated by decreased BP)...where do these 2 come from? |
| Functions of the kidney: during prolonged fasting | when does gluconeogenosis occur and which organ causes this to happen? |
| What are the supporting CT of the kidney? | Renal capsule--adipose capsule--secured by renal fascia |
| What is the size of a kidney? | what weighs about 150 g (1/3 lb) each? |
| Where are the kidneys? | What organ is here: T12-T13 and is protected by the ribs? |
| The renal hilum... | depression for renal artery and vein enter and exit and the ureter emerges. |
| What are the 3 zones of the kidney? | Cortex, medulla, pelvis are called what? |
| Where are most of the nephrons located? | 85% of these are in the superfiscial cortex. |
| what is a nephron | the structural and functional unit of the kidney is called what? |
| Deeper to the cortex, the medulla is mostly what? | the pyramids and columns are located where? |
| The pyramids (inside the medulla) get there rough appearance from | The collecting ducts are located inside the |
| collecting ducts merge into larger | what drains into papillary ducts? |
| the papillary ducts end at | what leads to the renal papillarys? |
| Urine continuously drains from the renal papillae into | what brings urine to the minor calyces? |
| What zone is formed by the calyces? | What forms the renal pelvis? |
| Minor calyces (which begin the renal pelvis) merge to form | major calyces are created by |
| the walls of the calyces, pelvis and ureter are made of | smooth muscle makes up which parts of the kidney? |
| how is urine moved by peristalsis | because of the smooth muscle forms the calyces, pelvis and ureters, what occurs to transport urine? |
| in between the pyramids, the columns carry what | the interlobar artery and vein to the cortex is sandwhiched where? |
| what supplies the nephrons with blood to filter | the interlobar artery and vein bring blood to what |
| the kidneys receive 25% of the the total what? | the cardiac output in relation to the distribution to the kidneys |
| In one minute, what is the volume of cardiac output the kidneys receive? | 1200ml or 1.2 liter is significant to the kidneys how? |
| 90% of the blood supply of the kidney goes to the | the cortex receives what proportion of blood from the interlobar artery |
| why does the cortex receive 90% of the kidneys blood supply? | since 85% of the nephrons are located where, and how does that affect the cardiac output distribution of the kidneys |
| Blood traveling to a cortical nephron | whats going on?aorta--renal a--segmental a--interlobar a--arcuate a--cortical radiating a--arteriole--glomerulus (capillaries)--efferent arteriole--peritubular cap--cortical radiate v--arcuate v--interlobar v--renal v--IVC |
| what are the first and second capillary beds encountered while blood is carried to cortical nephrons | glomerulus and peritubular are significant together how? |
| which veins were decided on by anatomists to not name anymore? | Whats the significance of the segmental and lobar veins |
| the plasma and solutes that enter the nephron are referred to as | filtrate consists of what |
| what does filtrate become once is enters the collecting ducts | what is the precursor to urine and where does the change occur |
| a nephron consists of | the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule and the tubule make up what |
| The tubule of a nephron consist of the following | PCT, loop of henle (desending limb-loop-ascending limb), DCT all comprise what |
| What is not part of the nephron | collecting ducts |
| The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule are called the | the renal corpuscle (small body) is made of the |
| The nephron does: | filtration, reabsorption and secretion (of waste) are functions of what |
| filtration in the nephron is due to | because of BP of 55 mg in glomerulus, filtrate is forced through the PCT to glomerulus then to capsule...all these steps are part of which function of the nephron |
| reabsorption of 100% of glucose, AA and various % of electrolytes is a function of what, and where does this begin? | immediately at the PCT, what action of the nephron takes place? |
| after filtration occurs in the tubule, the AA, glucose and electrolytes go to | what gets reabsorbed into blood after traveling through the tubule |
| secretion of wastes such as what happen in the nephron | where are the following things emitted?urea,uric acid, ammonia and excess hydrogen |
| secretion is from what to what | what function of the nephrons happens from the peritubule capillaries to the tubule? |
| reabsorption is from what to what | what function of the nephrons happens from the tubule to the peritubular capillaries? |
| one of the most vunerable and important areas of the nephron is | is the renal corpuscle strong or suseptible |
| the glomerulus is formed from ta network of | fenistrated capillaries together form what |
| what is the purpose of the fenestrated capillaries | what is leaky to allow for the absorption of small solutes within the glomerulus |
| small solutes, including what, filter from blood into the tubule | glucose, AA and water are filtered from where |
| the glomerular capsule hasa visceral layer formed from overlapping cells | what are podocytes |
| what thing which acts as a filter to allow only the passageway of small solutes and water into the tubule? | fenestrated slits are formed by podocytes and do what? |
| the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form the | the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle is made of |
| if healthy, the filtration membrane does not allow the passage of larger molecules such as | why can't proteins such as albumin, or cells such as RBC and WBC get through the podocytes and glomerular capillaries? |
| Do RBC, WBC, proteins, or other large molecules ever go into the tubules? | large molecules such as what cannot leave what? |
| Glomerulonephritis | what is inflammation of the glomeruli, then renal corpuscle which destroys the nephrons and then the kidneys? |
| What is the function of the glomerulus | where does the rapid filtration of plasma and small solutes sent to the tubules occur in the the first capillary bed of the nephron |
| what is the function of the peritubular capillaries | reabsorption from the tubules to capillaries and also secretion from the capillaries to tubules happens in the second capillary bed of the nephron |
| if the cortical nephrons make up 85% of nephrons... | the medullary nephrons make up 15% of nephrons... |
| what is at the junction of the cortex and the medulla in the kidney? | Where are the medullary nephrons |
| what are the tubular capillaries called in the nephron | what is the vasa recta |
| collection ducts do what | what receives urine from all nephrons and helps concentrate urine |
| as the collecting ducts approach the pelvis they form the larger | what goes to the the papillary ducts |
| these ducts give the medullary pyramids their rough appearance | what do the papillary ducts look like? |
| control of BP in kidney is mainly by the nephrons by the | the granular cells, which monitor BP, and the macula densa, which monitors NaCl concentrations both regulate BP in the what? |
| EAch nephron has a role in controlling BP and regulating what | the amount and concentration of filtrate in the tubules is controlled by what larger structure |
| each nephron has a region called the JGA, or | the juxtaglomerular apparatus or what, is in the nephron |
| in the arteriole walls are granular cells, also called what | what are JG cells and where are they located |
| enlarged smooth muscle cells that can secrete renin are | JG or granular cells, are |
| granular, or JG cells, monitor what in the afferent arteriole | what monitors BP in the afferent arteriole |
| The macula densa is a group of cell in the | within the ascending loop of henle, what kind of cells are important controling blood pressure |
| macula densa cells are located close to the | JG (granular) cells are located next to the |
| the macula densa cells act as | these cells are chemoreceptors, monitoring change in NaCl concentrations |
| the JGAs and JGs have a strong role in | which two types of cells have a strong role in systemic BP |
| Secondary HTN is called | HTP (because of kidney disease) is also called (in a more general sense) |
| Mechanisms of Urine Formation: | filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion are the parts of what |
| Urine formation begins with | glomerular filtration |
| glomerular filtration is a passive, non selective process in which | what kind of filtration is where small molecules such as glucose, H2o, AA ane electrolytles pass though a very permeable filtration membrane. |
| What does 55 mmHg and 20 mmHg have to do with the filtration membrane? | what are the BPs in the glomerulus and cappillaries (this allows small molecules to pass through the filtration membrane. |
| when are large molecules in urine | during disease states, what size molecules are present in urine |
| Why does plasma fliter? | net filtration pressure in the renal corpuscle is the reason why (what) happens? |
| net filtration pressure = | HPg-(OPg+ HPc)= |
| normal net filtration #s=NFP 10? | 55-(30+15)= |
| What does HPg stand for when calculating the NFP? | what is the BP in the glomerulus represented by when doing the NFP? |
| What does OPg stand for when calculating the NFP? | what is the albumin pressure in blood represented by when calculating the NFP? |
| when the capsule is filled, what is BP represented by | what does HPg stand for? |
| The NFP determines what | the glomerular filtration rate is determined by |
| the glomerular filtration rate (GFP) is measured clinically as of what? | kidney function is tested "at work" by measuring the what? |
| what is the definition of glomerular filtration rate | the amount of filtrate formed each minute by 2 million glomeruli is called what |
| the normal GFR in both kidneys is | 120-125mil/min or 180 l/dy is the normal volume of what in the kidneys? |
| GFR is determined by the | the NFP determines the what |
| the NFP is largely determined by BP, so how does this after GFR | any increase in BO increases the GFR, or any decrease in BP decreases the GFR |
| it is very important to maintain a relatively constant GFR, what would excessive GFR do? | what would cause the following chain of disease status: excessive filtrate + rapid flow--needed substances not reabsorbed --damage to nephrons--excessive output |
| it is very important to maintain a relatively constant GFR, what would inadequate GFR do? | what would cause the following chain of disease status: decreased filtration + slow flow--too much reabsorbtion including waste--poor output |
| 3 mechanisms regulate GFR working to keep it constant and within normal range: | auto regulation using JGA @ normal BP, renin-angiotensin mechansim and strong SNS stim with trauma (constricts afferent and efferent arterioles)...what do these 3 do |
| if we fliter 180L/day, the we filter our entire blood volume every | 40 minutes is the amount of time it takes to filter the entire blood volume, so how much do we filter every day? |
| we (what) most of the blood filtered through the kidneys | we reabsorb most of the what filtered by the kidneys |
| average urine output/day is | 1-2 liters a day is the average output for what? |
| we reabsorb how much blood if we filter 180L/day and we average 1-2 L day of urine? | we (what) 178L blood everyday. |
| Definition of reabsorption: | transepithilial process begining immediately at filtration (tubules--peritubular capillaries) |
| given healthy kidneys, all organic nutrients including all (what 2 things) are reabsorbed. | in healthy kidneys, all organic nutrients including AA and glucose are (what) |
| reabsorption for H20 and electrolytes is continnuously regulated in response to what type of signals? | hormonal signals such as renin, adh and aldosterone regulate what? |
| depending on the sbustance, reabsorption may be active or passive | is reabsorption passive or active? |
| the most abundant cations in the filtrate is | sodium is the most abundant cations in the what |
| sodium is actively reasbsorbed in the | Within the PCT and remaining parts of the tubule, what is actively reabsorbed? |
| ions besides sodium are reabsorbed using the gradient created in the | reabsorption of sodium creates a what which affects the other ions reabsorption |
| water moves into the peritubual capillaries following what | water moves into into the what following sodium |
| water follows sodium and chloride into the PCT, this is reffered to as | obligatory water reabsorption is also known as what process? |
| if not enough water is reasbsorbed to maintain sufficient plasma volume, | ADH will be increased if there hasn't been enough what |
| more water will be reabsorbed in the DCT using ADH in response to a temporary lack of water reabsorption...this is called | facultive reabsorption is when (what) happened |
| as water leaves the tubule and enters the peritubular capillaries the remaining solutes what | solutes concentrate after entering where? |
| after concentrating, the solutes left in the peritubual capillaries... | these will also enter the capillaries, but due to size their movement will be limited. |
| some substances are not reabsorbed or are only reabsorbed in small amounts, the most important of these are: | how are the end products of protein digestion and nucleic acid metabolism absorbed? |
| whats left after protein digestion and nucleic acid metabolism? | urea, creatine, uric acid are the end products of what? |
| clearance of urea, creatinin, uric acid and their concentrations in blood and urine are valuable lab tests for what? | what 3 things are viewed (in terms of concentration) in urine to assess kidney function? |
| definition of secretion | this is opposite of reabsorption. urine is filtered and secreted substances mostly in PCT, also collecting ducts and late DCT |
| tubular secretion is important for: | drug secretion, removing excess potassium, controlling ph, eliminating waste accidentally reabsorbed...due to these reasons, what is important? |
| how much excess potassium is secreted? | almost all of this is reabsorbed, so very little is released during tubular secretion |
| how is ph controlled via tubular secretion? | excess H+ is secreted, thus what is controlled by tubular secretion? |
| what waste is tubularly secreted which was was accidentally reabsorbed? | urea and uric acid is sometimes accidentally reabsorbed, so what happens next to get rid of this? |
| urine is produced at the rate of what per minute | 1 ml/ per how much time is urine produced? |
| urine is produced at the rate of what per day? | 1-2 L per how much time is urine produced? |
| urine is produced at the rate of what per hour? | 60ml per how much time is urine produced? |
| urine is 90% what? | how much water is in urine (%)? |
| solutes of urine include but are not limited to: | nitrogenous waste urea, uric acid and creatine are the what of urine. |
| urines color is from: | urochrome is responsible for the what in urine. |
| urochrome results from the: | the destruction of hemoglobin via bilirubin creates what? |
| normal solutes in urine include: | Na+, K+, PO4, SO6, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3- are what type of solutes in urine? |
| abnormal substances in urine include: | blood, proteins, cells, pus, bile pigment, illegal drugs found in urine are: |
| normal urination is | micturintion is |
| anuria is | no urine is called |
| oliguria is | scant urine output is |
| polyuria is | excessive urine is |
| nocturia is | night urination is |
| glucosuria is | glucose in urine is |
| the ureters are a pair of slender tubes that | these carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| the ureters conduct urine through peristalsis and enter the bladder through | the trigone is an area in the bladder where (what) enters? |
| kidney stones are formed from | calcium, magnesium and uric acid crystals may obstruct the ureter because they form what? |
| the correct name for kidney stones is | calculii is the proper name for what |
| the urinary bladder is a | distensible muscular sac that functions to store urine |
| the urinary bladder is located | within the urinary system, what is located posterior to the pubic synthesis? |
| the urethra is the tube that exits | which part leaves the urinary bladder |
| the inside the bladder is lined with | transition epithelium, 3 layered detrusor muscle, and an external fibrous adventia line the inside of what urinary organ? |
| the bladder is covered with | visceral peritoneum is the covering of which urinary organ? |
| in woman, the urethra carries only urine and is approximately | whose urethra is only 1.5" long? |
| in men, the urethra carries urie and semen and is | whose urethra is 8" long |
| in males, the urethra is divided into how many areas? | in which sex is the urethra is divided into 3 segments? |
| in males, the prostate gland encircles the urethra where? | at the base of the bladder, the what encircles the urethra in males? |
| the urethra has 2 sphincters: | internal and external sphincters are found in the what of the urinary system? |
| the internal involuntary sphincter is | made of smooth muscle, it relaxes when urine exits the bladder |
| the external voluntary sphincter is | made of skeletal muscle, is allows bladder control, control of this is lost in paraplegia and quadriplegia along with the loss of other skeletal muscle control... |
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