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NAU Micro 1,2,3,4
NAU Micro History, Principles & Exploration, Staining, Characteristics of Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are part of the human environment and therefore important to human health | Microorganism |
| What is the importance of microorganisms | 1. Evolution of oxygen & first cells on earth. 2. Activities affect the entire web of life on earth. 3. Humans cannot survive without microbes on & in us. |
| The average ratio of microbes to one human cell | 10: 1 |
| Name one-celled microbes: | Algae, Bacteria, Protozoa and Yeast |
| Name multicellular microbes: | Herminths and Molds |
| Single-celled organisms and consists of either a spherical, rod or spiral shape. Only microorganism which is a prokaryote. | Bacteria/ Bacterium |
| Types of shapes a bacteria can have: | Spherical, rod or spiral shapes |
| Rod shaped bacteria, can divide into only one plane | Bacilli |
| Spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria, not generally grouped together | Spirilla or Spirochete |
| Sphericcal, round shape, can divide into 1 or 2 more planes or randomly | Cocci |
| Means grapelike clusters | Staphylo |
| Means chains | Strepto |
| Means in sets of two | Diplo |
| Refers to the intensity of the disease produced y pathogens. It varies among different microbial species. Has the ability to make you sick faster | Virulence |
| Is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. Is an enemy biological agent | Pathogen |
| Microorganisms are useful in research in these ways: | Simple structures to study; Large numbers can be obtained @ a reasonable cost; Reproduce quickly for studies involving transfer of genetic information. |
| Microbes regeneration time is: | 20 minutes |
| Single-celled microorganism, eukaryotic, nucleus & membrane-bound organelles, photosynthetic. Lives in fresh water & marine environment. Many types of this do not causes viruses. | Algae/ Alga |
| Microbial communities are: | Free swimming or biofilms |
| Attached to a surface, creates a slimy barrier | Biofilms |
| Interactions between communities may be: | Beneficial or Harmful |
| Types of microorganisms: | Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Helminthes, Protozoa, Viruses/Prions |
| What is a helminthe | Parasitic Worm |
| Examples of other types of cells: | Viruses or Prions |
| Name examples of Eukaryotic cells: | One-celled organisms: Algae, Protozoa and Yeast. Multi-celled organisms: Helminthes and Molds |
| One-celled animal and the smallest of all animals. Only can be seen under a microscope | Prion |
| Can be single or multi-celled microorganisms. Is Eukaryotic. Widely distributed in water & soil as decomposers of dead organisms. Many of these are important in medicine. | Fungi/Fungus |
| A single-celled fungi | Yeasts |
| Multicellular fungus | Molds |
| Acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. Composed of nucleic acid & protein. Consists of bacteriophage, viroids and prions. | Viruses |
| Viruses that infect bacteria | Bacteriophage |
| Nucleic acid without a protein coating, that is acellular | Viroids |
| Single-celled microorganisms, are Eukaryotic, has a nucleus and other intracellular structures. Found in a variety of water & soil environment. | Protozoa/Protozoan |
| Infectious misfolded protein that is acellular | Prions |
| This disease follows the equator, can cause sickle cell anemia. Every year 350-500 millions cases occur & over 1 million die, mainly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Is now again in the US although was eradicated in the 1950's | Malaria |
| In 1664 invented the first microscope | Robert Hooke |
| In 1684, first to use the microscope to see microbes. | A.V. Leeuwenhoek |
| Lived from 1822-1894, created first vaccine, the rabies vaccine and refuted the theory of spontaneous regeneration | Louis Pasteur |
| Lived in the late 1800's. Gave us methods of isolating microbes and growing them in pure cultures | Robert Koch |
| Explain the experiment Pasteur used to refute the theory of spontaneous generation | Pasteur used a swan necked flask containing boiled infusions which allowed air to enter, but microbes became trapped in the necks of the flask never reaching the contents in the flask. |
| Provide 3 other contributions Pasteur provided: | 1. Developed technique of pasteurization to kill unwanted microorganisms 2. Association of specific organisms with particular diseases 3. Development of Rabies vaccine |
| 2 Theories of Microbiology | Cell Theory and Germ Theory of Disease |
| All cells are the fundamental units of life and carry out all basic functions of living things | Cell Theory |
| Microorganisms can invade other organisms and can cause disease | Germ Theory of Disease |
| Give Koch's Postulates: | 1.Microbemust b present n everycaseof diseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms 2.Suspectedmicrobemust bisolated&grown n pureculture 3.Same disease mustresult when isolatedmicrobeisinnoculatedinto healthyhost 4.Samemicrobe must b isolated againfromdiseasedhost |
| Techniques used for studying microorganisms | Agar as a solidifying agent, Petri dish which contains agar and nutrients |
| All living things consist of: | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
| Serve as a main source of energy for most living things | Carbohydrates |
| Storage form of energy for animals and humans | Glycogen |
| Carbohydrates consist of: | Energy, Glycogen, Starch and Sugar |
| Made up of glucose and fructose | Monosaccharide |
| Made up of Sucrose or table sugar | Dissaccharide |
| Made up of Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose | Polysaccharide |
| Sugar alcohol and sugar linkage | Glycosidic Bond |
| Relatively insoluble in water. Structural component of cells and also an energy source. | Lipids |
| Lipids are made up of: | Fatty Acids, Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids and Cholesterol |
| Is made up of fatty acids: | Fat |
| Makes up cell membranes: | Phospholipids |
| Cell membranes in animals and bacteria called mycoplasms | Steroids |
| Proteins consist of: | Amino Acid Chains, Enzymes and Hormones |
| Must have at least one amino group and one acidic group carboxyl group. Is distinguishable by a different chemical group. | Amino Acid |
| A covalent bond that links an amino group of one amino acid to a carboxyl group of another. | Peptide bonds |
| Name the structures of a protein | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Structures |
| Consists of the specific amino acids in a polypeptide chain | Primary Structure |
| Consists of the folding or coiling of amino acid chains into a particular pattern | Secondary Structure |
| Folding of the protein into globular shapes or fibrous threadlike strands | Tertiary Structure |
| The association of several tertiary-structured polypeptide chains | Quaternary Structures |
| Classifications of proteins: | Structural proteins and enzymes |
| Contributes to the 3-dimensional structure of cells, cellparts and membranes | Structural Protein |
| Is a protein catalyst, increases the rate at which chemical reactions take place within living organisms. Contains an active site and a substrate. | Enzymes |
| The site on the enzyme which combines with the substrate | Active Site |
| The substance on which an enzyme acts | Substrate |
| Formed by the joining of nucleotides | Nucleic Acids |
| Functions of Nucleic Acids | 1. Storage of energy in high energy bonds. 2. Stores info that directs protein synthesis. 3. Transfers info from parent to progeny. |
| 2 Nucleic acids found in a living organism | RNA- Ribonucleic Acid and DNA-Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Was developed in 1932 and used to see microbes less than .2 micrometers | Electron microscope |
| The type of microscope used in the lab which uses light for transmission. | Compound Microscope |
| Name examples of Prokaryotes: | Bacteria- 1-celled, No nucleus, clone themselves |
| Name examples of Eukaryotes: | 1-cells: Algae, Protozoa and Yeast. Multi celled: Helminthes and Mold. Undergo Meiosis and Mitosis, has nucleus |
| Examples of other types of cells: | Viruses and Prions, are acellular |
| Has no cells | Acellular |
| Prokaryotes range in size forms of: | .5 to 2.0 micrometer in diameter |
| Made up of a cell wall that has a thick peptidoglycon layer which soaks up purple stain | Gram Positive Cell Wall |
| Cell wall has a thin layer of lipopolysaccharide and a double lipid layer which doesn't soak up stain giving the stain a pink color | Gram Negative Cell Wall |
| The thin layer of a gram negative stain which doesn't absorb the stain giving the microbe a pink look | Lipopolysaccharide Layer |
| Is the single most important component of the bacterial cell wall and is usually thick. | Peptidoglycon or Murein layer |
| A living membrane that forms the boundary between a cell and its environment, is made up of lipids | Cell membrane |
| 2 functions of the cell wall | 1. Maintains characteristic shape of the cell 2. Prevents the cell from bursting when the fluid enters the cell by osmosis |
| Translates DNA and consists of RNA & protein | Ribosomes |
| Stores energy for bacteria | Inclusions or granules/vesicles |
| Semifluid substance inside the cell membrane | Cytoplasm |
| Extra DNA is contained here | Plasmid |
| Moves bacteria and is the external characteristic of a prokaryotic cell | Flagellum |
| Attachment sites of a prokaryotic cell | Pili & Fimbriae |
| Has a waxy outer coating that white blood cells cannot destroy | Acid Fast Cell Wall |
| Internal cell structure of prokaryotic includes: | Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Inclusions, Nuclear Region, Endospores in vegetative bacterial cells |
| Resting stages produced by vegetative cells. Can live in extreme conditions and some even withstand radiation. | Endospores |
| 2 types of Endospores: | Clostridium and Bacillus |
| Prokaryotic cell wall characteristic: | Peptidoglycon found on most cell walls |
| Prokaryotic cilia characteristic: | Cilia is absent, none |
| Prokaryotic pili characteristic: | Present as an attachment or conjugation pili in some prokaryotic cells |
| Spirochetes have these instead of flagelia that extend beyond the cell wall. Helps cell move along in a corkscrew motion. | Axial filaments or Endoflagella |
| Tiny, hollow projections like a suction cup, to help colonize bacteria | Pilus/ Fimbria |
| Less tightly bound to the cell wall and usually thinner than a capsule. | Slime Layer |
| Genetic material of a prokaryotic cell | DNA found in a single circular chromosome |
| Prokaryotic nucleus characteristic: | None, does not have a nucleus |
| Prokaryotic characteristic of extrachromosomal DNA: | Located in plasmids |
| Prokaryotic ribosome characteristic: | 70s |
| Prokaryotic flagella characteristic: | When present, consists of fibrils of flagellin |
| Another term for the slime layer or capsule | Glycocalyx |
| Objectives stay in focus when the lens is changed | Parfocal Microscope |
| Determines if a chemical is a mutagen | Ames test |
Created by:
FKrouse
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