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Types of cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of cells? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
| What are the differences in Prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes lack a membrane -bound organnel. They are structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells (which have a nucleus). Prokaryotic cell are placed in 2 taxonomic domains: Bacteria and Archaea. Domain structure same but biochemically not. |
| what are the two taxonomic domains for prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and Archaea |
| What are the three basic shapes of prokaryotic cells? | Spherical coccus, red-shaped bacillus, and spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible) |
| What is the structure of prokaryotic cells from the outide in? | 1. Appendages 2. Cell envelope 3. Cytoplasm |
| What are the prokaryotic appendages? | 1. Flagella 2. Fimbriae 3. Conjugation pili |
| What is flagella? | A prokaryotic appendage that proves motility. |
| What is fimbriae? | A prokaryotic appendage that is small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surface not involved in movement but attaches bacteria to surfaces. |
| What is conjugation pili | A Prokaryotic Appendage that are rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell. Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission, but the can exchange DNA |
| Cell Envelope includes from the inside the cell to the outside of the cell: | 1. Glycocalyx 2. Cell wall 3. Plasma membrane |
| What is glycocalyx? | Included in the cell envelope, it is a layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell wall. It aids against drying out and helps bacteria to attach to almost any surface. |
| This is included in the cell envelope, it maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by peptidoglycan: | Cell wall |
| Plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells is: | Phospholipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral protein. Form internal pouches (mesosomes) most likely increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzyme that are carrying on metabolic activiies. |
| Why is plasma membrane in prokaryotes simpler than eukaryotes? | They lack cholesterol |
| What makes one membrane different from another? | 1. The types of proteins integrated into the membrane 2. The carbohydrate chains outside the membrane |
| What are the types of carbohydrate chains outside of the membrane? | 1. Glycoproteins 2. Glycolipids |
| Because the carbohydrate chains occur only on the outside surface, and peripheral proteins occur on one surface or the other, the two sides of the membrane are not identical, and the membrane is said to be: | Asymmetrical |
| What can be considered as the cell's fingerprint? | Carbohydrate chains |
| In the fluid-mosaic model it is fluid because: | Membranes are flexible structures because the phospholipid bilayer is the consistency of olive oil. The fluidity of the membrane also prevents it from solidifying as external temperatures drop. |
| What does the presence of cholesterol molecules prevent the plasma from becoming? | Too fluid at high temperatures and too solid at lower temperatures. |
| In the fluid-mosaic model, it is mosaic because: | Because of the presence of many different types proteins. |
| What regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell? | Plasma membrane |
| These specialized proteins speed up water transport across the membrane: | Aquaporins |
| Ions and polar molecules move across the membrane is often assisted by this protein | Carrier proteins |
| Some molecules must move against their concentration gradient with the expenditure of energy. This is called: | Active transport |
| Large molecules enter or exit the cell via bulk transport are called | Exocytosis or endocytosis |
| How do molecules move through the plasma membrane? | 1. Passive: cell does not have to use any energy to move materials A. Diffusion (osmosis type of it) B. Facilitated diffusion 2. Active: cell does have to use energy to move A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis |
| What are the types of membrane proteins? | 1. Channel Proteins 2. Carrier Proteins 3. Cell Recognition Proteins 4. Receptor Proteins 5. Enzymatic Proteins 6. Junction Proteins 7. Aquaporins |
| What are the components of the plasma membrane? | 1. Lipid 2. Protein molecules that include Peripheral and integral proteins 3. Cholesterol |
| What does the permeability of the plasma membrane do? | Allows some substances to move across the membrane and inhibits passage of other molecules |
| This type of protein allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma freely: | Channel Protein |
| This protein is the fingerprint to the cells | Cell Recognition Protein |
| This protein is considered the key, It is shaped in such a ay that a specific molecule can bind to it. Allow a cell to respond to signals from other cells. | Receptor Protein |
| This protein catalyzes a specific reaction | Enzymatic Protein |
| This protein attaches adjacent cells. They are involve in forming various types of junctions between animal cells. | Junction Protein |
| What are the storehouse of information that specifies how a cell should behave, respond to the environment, and divide to make new cells? | Nucleic Acids |
| Nucleic acids are polymers of: | Nucleotides |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | 1. DNA 2. RNA a)mMRNA b)tRNA c)rRNA |
| What is DNA? | Genetic material that store information for its own replication and for the sequence of amino acids in proteins |
| What is RNA? | Perform a wide range of functions within cells which include protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression |
| hat specifies what the amino acid sequence will be during the process of protein synthesis? | mRNA |
| What helps to translate the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene into the correct sequence of amino acid during protein synthesis? | tRNA |
| What works as an enzyme to form the peptide bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide? | rRNA |
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? | 1. Pentose sugar (DNA-deoxyribose and RNA-ribose) 2. A nitrogen-containing base 3. A phosphate group |
| How many types of nuceotides are found in nucleic acids? | Five DNA: thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine TAGC RNA: uracil, adenine, guanine,and cytosine UAGC |
| What is the power house of the cell? | Mitochondria |
| Where is the mitochondria located? | Where energy is most needed. For example, cardiac cells and sperm's flagellum |
| What is the structure of the Mitochondria? | 1. Double membrane 2. Matrix 3. Ribosomes and DNA |
| What is the matrix in a mitochondria? | Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates |
| All life on Earth is constructed from the same four DNA nucleotides: | A, G, C, and T |
| What can distinguish different types of prokaryotes? | The number and location of flagella |
Created by:
Jseverin03
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