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BI169c7
Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the properties of minerals | What is associated with the following?solid crystal substances, do not contain carbon, do not break down with digestion or chemical processes, are able to carry electrical charge (ionization) |
| major minerals: how much is in body and how much do we need each day? | what is found (greater than 5 g in body) and is needed at least 100 mg a day of? |
| what are the 7 major minerals | what is this group?sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfur |
| trace minerals: how much is in body and how much do we need each day? | what is found (less than 5 g in body) and is needed less than 100 mg a day of? |
| 8 trace minerals are: | selenium, manganese, floride, iron, iodine, zinc, chromium, copper |
| ultra trace minerals: how much do we need? | we need less than 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of these |
| 4 ultra trace minerals | what is this group? boron, nickel, molybedendum, silicone |
| of the 4 ultra trace minerals, which is considered essential | why is molybedenum different then the other 3 ultra trace minerals |
| electrolytes are: | mineral salts dissolved in water are: |
| what are the 4 electrolytes? | sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus |
| what do electrolytes do? | what forms ions which carry electrical charges which maintains fluid balance? |
| essentially, electrolytes hold what on either side of the cell membrane | electrolytes hold water on either side of what to maintain fluid balance of cells? |
| sodiums functions: | what is the major mineral/electrolyte which:maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, is associated with Ph balance, is required for nerve impulse transmission and assists with transport of certain nutrients (ie glucose) into body cells? |
| describe role of sodium and hypertension | what doesnt necessarily cause hypertension but is more common in people who consume more of it? |
| deficiencies of sodium: | this is rare but can be caused by excess loss of body fluids |
| potassium functions | the functions of this major mineral/electrolyte include: balance of fluids and sodium, muscle contractions and nerve impulses, high amounts of this help maintain lower blood pressure |
| potassium toxicity | this is rare in healthy people because kidneys secrete the excess. if you have problems with the kidneys however you may have an issue with retention and this may occur. |
| Cloride functions | what major mineral/electrolye does the following:maintaining fluid balance, assists the immune systme in killing bacteria, assists in the transmission of nerve impulses, gas is toxic... |
| cloride toxicity | there are none known for this, deficiencies are also rare for this major mineral |
| phosphorus functions | this major mineral/electrolyte:is needed for fluid balance, critical for bone formation, required to regulate biochemical pathways by activiating or deactivating enzymes, major component of cell membrane |
| where is phosphorus located | ATP, DNA, RNA synthesis all require the presence of what major mineral |
| phosphorus toxicity | muscle spasms, convulsions occur with this |
| phosphorus deficiencies | this is rare but can occur in elderly or people who abuse alcohol |
| 5 power plants are: | chromium, manganese,sulfur, iodine, selenium are a group as what? |
| of the 5 power plants, which one is a major mineral and which are trace? | besides sulfur, all other power plants are what kind of mineral? |
| chromium traits | power plant, carb metabolism, is rarely toxic or deficient |
| manganese traits | power plant, involved in production of bone cartiladge, rarely deficient in humans |
| sulfur traits | power plant, component of B vitamins thiamin and biotin, essential to the shape of protein and is not known to be toxic or deficient in humans |
| iodine traits | power plant, critical for making thyroid hormone, given to people living near power plants and according to professor both toxicity and deficiency can result in hypothyroidism and goiter |
| selenium traits | power plant, found in a few AA, necessary for making thyroid hormone, an antioxidant as well which spares vitamin E and protects cell membranes) |
| Blood functions | transport of O2 and nutrients to cells, removal of wastes from tissues |
| 3 Blood minerals | Iron, zinc, copper |
| iron traits | trace/bone mineral, components of hemoglobin, component of myoglobin, component involved in energy metabolism of fats, carbs, proteins, coenzyme for many things |
| 2 types of iron are found in food: | heme iron and non heme iron are |
| heme iron is found in | animal meats contain what type of iron |
| non heme iron is | not contained in animal sources and is less digestible than it's opposite form |
| what is the most common overdose in children which causes death | what is excess iron responsible for |
| delayed treatment of iron toxicity can lead to | severe damage tothe heart, central nervous system, liver, kidneys...less severe reactions are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion |
| iron deficiency anemia | is the most common type in the world, called what? (is when hte RBC do not contain enough hemoglobin, and is most risky for infants, children, preadolescent girls, menstrating women and pregnant women) |
| zinc | trace/bone mineral, coenzyme for hmoglobin and for many other enzymes, required for development and function of immune system, required for normal growth |
| vegetarians need more | iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin d, b12 |
| zinc toxicity | can occur from supplements, symptoms are inestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite |
| zinc deficiency | uncommon in US, symptoms are growth retardation, diareah, delayed sex maturation, |
| copper traits | trace/bone mineral, contributes to blood tissue, collagen and tissues surrounding nerves, required for iron absorption, involved in nuerotransmitters for brain function |
| copper toxicity and deficiency | not well studied...rare |
| Bone structure is comprised of | 65% minerals, which provide hardness! |
| collagen fiber | 35% of bone-is a fibrous protein in bone tissue providing strength, durability and flexibility |
| 2 types of bone tissue | coritical tissue and trabecular tissue |
| cortical tissue(compact bone) | makes up 80% of skeletal structure and is found within shaft. there is more of this in smaller bones. |
| trabecular tissue(spongy bone with no blood flow) | makes up 20% of skeletal structure, provides scaffolding and supports cortical tissue. There is more of this in larger bones. |
| bone is constantly recycled by | what is remodeling |
| osteoblasts produce which component of bone | the collagen part of bone is made by which bone cells |
| the 4 bone minerals are | calcium, magnesium, floride and phosphorus |
| Calcium traits | bone mineral, most abundant major mineral, is required to form and maintain bones and teeth, assist with acid base balance, transmission of nerve impulses, assists with muscle contractions |
| The RDA is for calcium is limited by | bioavailability, which is the amount of something that can be absorbed affects which major/bone mineral? |
| calcium toxicity | excess is excreted by the body! supplementation can lead to imbalances |
| calcium deficiency | long term consequence is osteoporosis, before that this is extracted from bones and teeth |
| magnesium traits | major and bone mineral, assists over 300 enzyme systems to function properly (is a coenzyme), is required for the production of ATP, DNA, and proteins, supports muscle contraction and blood clotting |
| magnesium toxicity | none found in food, supplements can cause diarreah, nausea, cramps, dehydration |
| magnesium deficiency | alongside of calcium...lowers blood calcium and can cause osteoporosis |
| floride traits | trace/bone mineral, required for proper development and mainainence of teeth and bones, combines calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth against bacteria, smallest bone mineral |
| tanins in tea reduce the absorbability of what | iron is less likely to be absorbed when you injest what |
| floride toxicity | florosis creates porous tooth enamel, teeth become stained and pitted, you can also get this from tetracycline |
| floride deficiency | dental carries can happen from what |
| phosphorus is a major component to | the mineral complex of bone, cell membrane, activating and deactivating enzymes, maintaining fluid balance (is an electrolyte) |
| osteoporosis | low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, fragile bones leading to bone fractures, compaction, reduced height, shortening and hunching of spine |
| factors affecting osteoporosis | age, gender, genetics, nutrition, physical activity |
| as we age, we have a greater chance of osteoporosis why | these changes affect us how?decreasing hormones influence bone density, less able to metabolize vitamin D, bone mass decreases with age... |
| Osteoporosis affects women how? | 80% are women, estrogen loss in post menopause causes bone loss, this also happens after hysterectomies |
| nutritional factors affecting osteoporosis | high amounts of caffeine may decrease bone loss, calcium and vitamin d are important for proper bone development and maintainance of bone density...what could all of these risk factors cause? |
| physical activity and osteoporosis | cannot cure it, but can slow it with weight bearing activities, regular stress to bones leading to an increase in bone mass... |
Created by:
ilovemiraclewhip
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