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KU Bio 100 Final
Prof. Martin bio final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gradual growth | constant even growth until adulthood |
| sporadic growth | no growth, then rapid growth, then no growth |
| gradual examples | horse, dogs, people |
| sporadic examples | insects, spiders, crustaceans |
| another word for sporadic growth | metamorphosis |
| incomplete metamorphosis | young look like little versions of the adult (grasshoppers) called nymphs |
| complete metamorphosis | young don't look anything like the adult called larvae |
| pupae | cocoon |
| advantage of metamorphosis | exoskeleton |
| exoskeleton | armor; pliable when first made then hardens. Larvae must break through when too big for it. (ecdysone) |
| mosquitos | complete metamorphosis |
| why complete metamorphosis is highly beneficial | 1. avoid competition for food 2. increased dispersal of exploration/exploitation of new habitat 3. avoid competition for space |
| group selection | very difficult to prove; one person makes difference in group |
| easy to make argument for evolutionary process for dying.... | ...hard to show evidence for evolutionary process for dying |
| what causes aging and dying | 1. accumulation of damage to organism 2. decline of immune system 3. decrease in detoxification of self-made toxins 4. self-abuse 5. accumulation of genetic mutations 6. cell divisions cease 7.inactivity of longevity genes |
| bone marrow | shorter telomeres |
| brain cells | much longer telomeres |
| Gregor Mendel | Augustinian monk, horticulture scientist, hawkweed |
| true breeding | genetic info for only one variation of a trait (only red flowers, not white) RR |
| Principle of Segregation | traits from both father and mother |
| Principle of Dominance | there are typically 2 forms of hereditary factors (one is dominant over the other) other becomes recessive |
| Principle of Independent Assortment | way you inherit has nothing to do with the way you get factors for another trait |
| gene | biological basis of the general info the determines the nature of a particular heritable trait |
| locus | location of gene on chromosome |
| allele | form of a gene that determines specific info about the trait |
| dominant allele | only one needed to make dominant trait apparent; shown with capital letters |
| recessive allele | shown w/ lowercase letters; must have 2 to determine trait |
| diploid | having two alleles for every gene |
| haploid | having one allele for every gene |
| homozygous | both alleles are the same (either both dominant or recessive) |
| heterozygous | one allele dominant and one recessive |
| genotype | allelic composition RR, Rr, rr |
| phenotype | physical outcome/behavior |
| true breeding | homozygous |
| Punnett Square | probability of offspring |
| product law | probability of 2 statistical events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product (multiplying) of probability of each event seperately |
| incomplete dominance | dominant allele is expressed in a dosage dependent manner; RR is dark red, rr is white, Rr is pink/red |
| co-dominance | typically more than 2 alleles; can be more than one dom allele that is just as dominant as other allele (blood type) |
| enviromental effects | can effect phenotype so dont know genotype without test |
| ants/termites chromosomes | 2 |
| little fern chromosomes | 1036 |
| SRY | sex-determining region of Y chromosome |
| insects sex determinations | XX is male, XY is female |
| Phenylketonuea | inability to metabolize critical amino acids |
| aneuploidy | missing or extra chromosomes;causes 1/3 of miscarriages |
| extra 21 chromosome | down's syndrome |
| extra sex chromosome | causes sterility |
| how many genes in humans | about 25,000 |
| led the first human genome project | craig ventor (used his DNA) |
| how many bases in humans | 15 million in DNA, 250 million in all genes |
| "junk" DNA | actually used as fertility ground for new genes |
| membrane transporters | need to get genes out of chromosomes and nucleus |
| mRNA | uracil instead of thymine; pairs up with DNA to get info |
| hela cells | cancer cells |
| diseases in humans | 10,000; well lunderstood |
| dominant disease | very rare because 2/3 dead; RR-very diseased often not born Rr-may live, very fatal rr-healthy |
| how can you pass on R if can't reproduce | spontaneous mutation in parent's gametes (progeria, ALS, Lou Gehrig's); late onset-doesn't show til 40's/50's, 1/200 have it (marfan's, huntington's) |
| recessive diseases | much more common; RR healthy, Rr little diseased, rr diseased; sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis |
| chances of having diseased baby | 1/900; if partner is sibling, chances go up |
Created by:
ameliac
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