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biology ch1
Chapter 1,sections from 20 on viruses and vaccines, Chapter 3, & Plasma membrane
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of bacteriophage virus life cycles? | Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle |
| Living organism are divided into 3 main domains. What are they? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes |
| What are the 4 main types of vaccines? | Live Attenuated; inactivated vaccine; subunit; toxoid |
| Emergent properties is a property which a _________system has but _______do not have. | Complex; individual |
| What are the 5 major vaccine ingredients? | Antigens; stabilizers; adjuvants; antibiotics; preservations |
| The maintenance of internal conditions within certain limits (temp, moisture level acidity is called _________ | Homeostasis |
| What characteristics do viruses share with living organism | Ability to evolve and they contain genes |
| These are found in all viruses | capsid, protein and nucleic acid core |
| How can animal viruses enter a host cell? | endocytosis |
| The explanation of how living organisms arose from a single ancestor can be explained by what process? | The process of evolution |
| Describe the differences that might be used to distinguish among the various kingdom of domain Eukaria | Protist-generally unicellular organisms Fungi- multicellular, filamentous organism- absorbs food plant-multicellular-photo synthetic Animals multicellular that ingest and process food |
| What is a retrovirus? | A virus with a RNA genome that utilizes reverse transcriptase |
| Describe lytic cycle | The viral reproductive cycle that terminates with the destruction of the host cell through cell lysis |
| Describe lysogenic cycle | A host cell carries a prophage during he viral reproduction cycle. Bacteriophage life cycle in which the virus incorporates it's DNA into that of bacterism. |
| What does a virus direct a host cell to duplicate? | genetic material |
| How are living things organized? | All life is connected by levels of biological organization that extend from atoms to the biosphere |
| Name the levels of organization | Atom-Molecule-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism-Species-Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biosphere |
| Explain how natural selection results in new adaptation within species | Members of a population that have new adaptive traits reproduce more than other members and therefore pass on these traits to the next generation in greater proportions |
| Where do emerging diseases come from? | Some of them may result from new and/or increased exposure to animals or insect populations that act as vectors for disease. Changes in human behaviors and use of technology can also result in new disease |
| The imbalance of which chemical cycle is leading to climate change? | Carbon (more CO2 is being released in the atmosphere than being removed increasing temp causing a greenhouse effect |
| What are the characteristics of life | Living things are Organized, they acquire materials and energy, they maintain homeostasis, respond to stimuli, they reproduce and develop, they have adaptations |
| List the 3 components of nucleotide | Phophate; pentose (5 carbon sugars) and a nitrogen containing base |
| What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? | Monosaccharide |
| What are the 3 common polysaccharides? | Starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
| What is CHNOPS? | Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen-Oxygen-Phospherus-Sulfur |
| What is the main role of protein cells? | Structure and function |
| What are chaperone proteins? | Proteins that help new proteins fold into their normal shape |
| How do Carbons connect to each other? | Process of dehydration reaction |
| What is a monomer? | A small unit of any molecule |
| What are the functions of carbohydrates? | Energy source and provide building material |
| What are isomers? | Organic molecules that have identical molecule formulas but a different arrangement of atoms |
| What makes one membrane different from another? | The types of protein |
| Where do we get amino acids from? | Food |
| What is a peptide? | two or more amino acids joined together |
| What is a prokaryote? | Any organism that has neither a nucleus nor cytoplasmic |
| What is a sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecule? | Plasma membrane |
| What is the structure that provides support and shape to the cell? | Cell Wall |
| What is the semi-fluid solution surrounded by the plasma membrane that contains nucleoid and ribosomes? | Cytoplasm |
| What is the site of protein synthesis? | Ribosomes |
| What is the location of the bacterial chromosone in the cytoplasm? | Nucleoid |
| What are the hairlike bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces called? | Fimbriae |
| What is the rotating filament that propels the cell called? | Flagellum |
| What is taxonomy? | The discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules. It is meant to provide valuable insight into evolution. |
| What is systematics? | The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms. |
| What are the levels of classification? | Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species |
| The difference between domain Archaea and Bacteria | Archaea can live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most other organisms. Bacteria are variously adapted to living almost anywhere-in the water, soil, and atmosphere as well as our skin, mouth and intestines. |
| What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? | DNA Cell (or plasma) membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes |
| What is a Genetic coding that determines all the characteristics of living things? | DNA |
| What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya? | Protists, Plants, Fungi and Animal |
| What are living things divided by? | The presence of a nucleus Prokaryote = absent Eukaryote = present |
| What are Prokaryotes? | The simplest living things: bacteria and archaea. Do not have a cell nucleus or organelles. Unicellular |
| What are Eukaryotes? | An organism with complex cells or a single cell with complex structure. Animals, plants, algae and fungi. |
| The 4 steps that the scientific method is divided are: | 1.Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiments and Data Collection 4. Conclusion |
| What is hypothesis? | A tentative explanation for what was observed |
| What is a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis? | An experiment |
| What does climate change mean? | Changes in normal cycles of Earth's climate due to imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon. More carbon is released than removed. |
| How would you differentiate between climate change and global warming? | Global warming is one symptom of the much larger problem of human-caused climate change |
| What is the greenhouse effect? | It is a way in which is trapped close to the surface of the Earth by "greenhouse gases". Heat-trapping gases can be thought as a blanket wrapped around the Earth. These gases include Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides. |
| Which taxonomic level do the terms plants, animals and fungi correspond? | kingdom |
| What are the functions of DNA? | Blueprint if genetic information; Instructions for metabolism and instructions for organization |
| What is tissue? | A group of similar cells combined to perform a common function |
| What is an ecosystem? | A biological community and its associated physical environment |
| What are adaptations? | Modifications that make organisms better able to function in a particular environment. |
| What are plants? | Multicellular, eukaryotes, and photosynthetic |
| What is the ultimate source of all energy for nearly all life on Earth? | Sun |
| What is an organ? | A combination of 2 or more tissues that perform a common function |
| What are 2 of the most biologically diverse ecosystems? | Coral reef, and tropical rain forest |
| What are molecules? | A formation of 2 or more atoms |
| What is species? | Organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring |
| What is a community? | Populations that live and interact with a particular area |
| What is protists? | Eukaryotes that are typically single-celled but are not plant, animals or fungi |
| Correct Order of Steps to Isolate DNA | 1Place test tube on ice2Transfer strawberry filtrate with pipette to test tube3In a graduated cylinder, dissolve a spoonful of meat tenderizer into distilled water4Add meat tenderizer solution to strawberry filtrate and let it react for 10 minutes5Use pip |
| fluid mosaic model | Model for plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer |
| What consistency does the fluid of the phospholipid bilayer plasma membrane have at room temperature? | Olive oil |
| Why is the plasma membrane considered mosaic? | Because of the presence of many proteins |
| What are phospholipids and proteins that have attached carbohydrate (sugar) chains called? | glycolipids and glycoprotein |
| What important role does glycolipids and glycoproteins play? | They help in cellular identification |
| What is a channel protein? | A protein that forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane. |
| What are Carrier proteins? | They are involved in passing molecules through the membrane. They receive substance and change their shape, and this moves the substance across the membrane. Transports sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of a nerve cell. |
| What are cell recognition proteins? | Glycoproteins that help the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens, so that an immune response can occur. (fingerprint) |
| What are receptor cells? | Proteins located in the plasma membrane or within the cell that have a shape that allows only specific molecules to bind to it. The binding of this molecule causes the protein to change its shape and thereby bring about a cellular response. (KEY) |
| What are enzymatic proteins? | Proteins that carry out metabolic reactions directly. |
| What are junction proteins? | They connect the cells together |
| Explain why phospholipids play such an important role in the structure of the cell membrane | Phospholipids have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic en, form a bilayer that can be used by the cell to create compartments which allows many different chemical processes to function at the same time within the cell. |
| Describe the role of proteins in the fluid-mosaic model | Proteins are embedded with membranes creating a mosaic. These proteins influence membrane function. |
| compare how cells transport polar and nonpolar molecules across the membrane. | Membrane pores are hydrophobic due to the fatty acid tails of phospholipids. Hydrophobic substances can freely move across the membrane. In contrast, hydrophilic substances require transport mediated by membrane proteins. |
| What is diffusion? | the movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved until distributed equally. |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration |
| What is osmotic pressure? | Measure of the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration. |
| What is isotonic solution? | Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis. |
| Solutions that cause cells to swell, or even to burst, due to an intake of water is called: | Hypotonic solutions |
| This term is used to refer to cells that have been disrupted: | Cytolysis |
| This term is used to describe cytolysis in red blood cells: | Hemolysis |
| The swelling of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution creates: | Turgor pressure |
| Solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water are said to be: | Hypertonic solutions |
| (salted meat)This term is used to describe the shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic: | Crenation |
| The loss of water from the central vacuole of a plant cell causing it to shrink is called: | Plasmolysis |
| Passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a protein carrier is called: | Facilitated transport |
| This process moves molecules against their concentration gradient requiring energy in the form of ATP | Active transport |
| Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into cells, important in the function of nerve and muscle cells in animals | Sodium-potassium pump |
| Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell | Exocytosis |
| Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment; includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis | Endocytosis |
| {To eat}Process by which cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole. Common in single-celled organisms, such as amoeba, and they can engulf debris such as worn out RBCs or viruses. | Phagocytosis |
| {To drink}Process by which vesicle formation (around a liquid or around very small particles) brings macromolecules into the cell. | Pinocytosis |
| A specific form of pinocytosis (but much more selective and efficient) that uses a receptor protein to recognize compatible molecules and take them into the cell. | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Compare facilitated transport with active transport | Both require a carrier protein, but active transport also requires energy. |
| Explain why active transport requires energy. | Active transport requires energy because molecules are moved against a concentration gradient |
| Summarize why a cell would use bulk transport rather than active transport | Bulk transport is used to transport large molecules across plasma membranes. The molecules are contained in vesicles and do not mix with the surroundings. |
| A meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides in close association with the cell that produced them. | Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| Explain the role of the plasmodesmata in plant cells | It allows water and small solutes to pass from one cell to another in a plant |
| A measure of the relative solute concentration | Tonicity |
| When cells are in an isotonic solution, they neither ______ nor _____lose water | gain, lose |
| In the fluid-mosaic model, the fluid properties are associated with the nature of the ______ and the mosaic pattern is established by the ________. | phospholipids; embedded proteins |
| Phospholipid membranes form bilayers because their ______ heads are attracted to water, and their _______tails face away from water. | polar/nonpolar |
| The components of the plasma membrane as described by the fluid-mosaic model | Proteins, cholesterol, phospolipids |
| To change lipid into a glycolipid, what structure needs to be added? | A carbohydrate |
| A phospholipid with a carbohydrate chain attached to it is called: | glycolipid |
| Proteins that are involve in passive transport of molecules through the cell membrane are called ______ proteins | channel |
| Carrier proteins are involved in: | selectively transporting molecules through the membrane |
| Which protein would be responsible for the rejection of a transplanted organ? | Cell recognition protein |
| Which proteins that are associated with the cell membrane and bind to specific molecules in the environment, bringing about a cellular response? | Receptor proteins |
| Protein hat catalyzes a specific metabolic reaction: | enzymatic protein |
| Which noncharged molecules can freely cross the membrane? | Carbon dioxide, oxygen, glycerol, and alcohol |
| The concentration of molecules or ions in a particular area as compared to another area is referred to as the : | concentration gradient |
| Which method is used during the process of bulk transport to move macromolecules into and out of the cell? | Vesicle formation |
| The dissolved, solid part of a solution is called the: | solute |
| Osmosis is best defined as: | the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration |
| A solution with a lower concentration than the inside of a cell will cause a cell to gain water by osmosis and is considered a : | hypotonic solution |
| A hypertonic solution cause a cell to shrink because: | water leaves the cell |
| To increase the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer a chemist would need to increase the amount of __________ fatty acids on the phospholipids. | unsaturated |
| Which type of chains on the cell's exterior contain a large amount diversity? | Carbohydrate |
| What are the functions of the glycocalyx? | Protection, Adhesion, Cell-to cell recognition, Signal reception |
| An aquaporin is characterized as which type of protein? | Channel protein |
| The adhesion junction that connects the cytoskeletons of adjacent animal cells creating a flexible sheet cells is called: | Desmosome |
| The junction between cells which lends strength and allows small molecules to pass between cells is called a : | gap junction |
| The carbohydrates that can be found in both the primary and secondary cell wall of plants is | cellulose |
| This allows the plant cell walls to stretch during growth: | Pectins |
| The substance that adds strength to the secondary cells walls of woody plants is called: | Lignin |
| What makes one membrane different from another? | 1. The types of protein integrated into the membrane and 2. The carbohydrate chains outside the membrane |
| These are considered as the cell's fingerprint: | Carbohydrate chains |
| Which protein plays a role in cell signaling? | Integrin |
| What purpose does collagen serve in the extracellular matrix? | Resist stretching |
| What role do proteoglycans play during development? | They guide cell migration |
Created by:
Jseverin03
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