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Cell-bio terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scaffold proteins | where nucleosomes are anchored to |
| mutagens | an agent which can alter the structure or sequence of DNA |
| transposons | simple genetic elements that move within or between cells |
| Specificity | A specific codon always codes for the same amino acid. |
| Universality – | The genetic code has been conserved through evolution. |
| Redundancy (Degeneracy) – | An amino acid might have more than one codon coding for it. |
| Nonoverlapping and commaless – | Read as a continuous sequence of bases. |
| termination codes | UAA, UAG , UGA |
| Nonsense mutation – | The altered base causes the codon to be a termination codon. |
| Splice Site Mutations | Alter the way in which introns are removed from pre-mRNA molecules, producing aberrant proteins |
| tandem repeats | when a codon is repeated multiple times in a gene |
| chloramphenicol | Inhibits prokaryotic peptidyltransferase. |
| puromycin | structurally resembles aminoacyl-tRNA, so once incorporated into the ribosome, elongation is halted |
| tetracyclines | drug blocks access of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site |
| streptomycin | drug that binds to 30S ribosome and distorts structure |
| Clindamycin and erythromycin | bind irreversibly to the 50S ribosome subunit, thus, inhibiting translocation. |
| Diphtheria toxin | – inactivates the eukaryotic elongation factor, eEf-2, preventing translocation |
| Zymogens | inactive precursors of secreted enzymes |
| Cistrone | genes |
| terminator | short sequences at the 3' end of gene to terminate transcription |
| operator | interacts with transcription factors to regulate transcription |
| regulon | a collection of two or more operons subject to the same type of coordinated regulation |
| Allele | nature of the gene |
| Genotype | description of the alleles present |
| Phenotype | description of effects of the alleles present |
| mendel's law of segregation | alleles of homologous genes separate from each other at meiosis |
| Mendel’s law of independent assortment: | an allele on one chromosome will be distributed to the gametes independently with regard to alleles on non-homologous chromosomes |
| cytogenetics | study of the structure of chromosome and their inheritance |
| Disjunction – | proper separation of chromosomes during meiosis I and II. |
| Non-disjunction – | abnormal separation of chromosomes |
| Aneuploid | abnormal # of chromosome |
| polyploid | more than normal # of chromosome -common in plants |
| Monosomy | having only one copy of a given chromosome |
| Trisomy | having three copies a chromosome |
| Turner syndrome | a female is missing an X chromosome ( either from dad or mom)(45) |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | a male has an extra X chromosome , gained from mom/ dad (47) |
| Down syndrome | Trisomy 21 - nondisjunction leading to 2 copies of chromosome , 21 in one gamete |
| patau syndrom | Trisomy 13 |
| Edwards syndrom | Trisomy 18 |
| Gene dosage | the number of copies of a particular gene that are present in the cells |
| PKU -phenyl Ketonurea | mutations in both alleles of the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase ( PAH ) -- autosomal recessive |
| Tay-Sachs | glycolipids accumulation in neurons and ganglions |
| Co-dominance | 2 alleles which in combination produce a combination of traits |
| penetrance | % of individuals in the population with a given genotype that show signs of the specified phenotype |
| Variable expressivity | degree to which a condition is actually phenotypically expressed in an individual with a given genotype |
| pleiotropy | one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. |
| marfan Syndrome | mutations in gene encoding fibrillin 1 autosomal dominant |
| Epigenetics | any factor that can affect the phenotype without changing the genotype |
| allele( gene ) frequency | proportion of each allele in the population |
| Genotype frequency | proportion of each genotype in the population |
| polygenic | traits or diseases caused by the combined effects of multiple genes |
Created by:
jemalk
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