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Ch 7 G.H. Biology
Guest Hollow Biology Chapter 7 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| central dogma of molecular biology | doctrine that genetic instructions in DNA are copied by RNA, which carries them to a ribosome where they are used to synthesize a protein (DNA → RNA → protein) |
| Chargaff’s rules | observations by Erwin Chargaff that concentrations of the four nucleotide bases differ among species, and that the concentrations of adenine and thymine are always about the same and the concentrations of cytosine and guanine are always about the same |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | type of RNA that copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries them to the cytoplasm |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | type of RNA that helps form ribosomes and assemble proteins |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined together to form proteins |
| codon | group of three nitrogen bases in nucleic acids that makes up a code “word” of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid, start, or stop |
| genetic code | universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins |
| promoter | region of a gene where a RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the gene |
| protein synthesis | process in which cells make proteins that includes transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA |
| transcription | process in which genetic instructions in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA |
| translation | process in which genetic instructions in mRNA are “read” to synthesize a protein |
| Point mutations | mutations where one letter changes on the DNA sequence |
| Inversion mutations | a segment of DNA in a particular strand that reverses itself |
| Insertion mutations | a segment of DNA, whether a single base pair or an extensive length, that is inserted into the DNA strand |
| Deletion mutations | a segment of DNA, whether a single base pair or an extensive length, that is deleted from the strand |
| Frame shift mutations | These mutations can be caused by an insertion or deletion of one or more letters not divisible by three, which causes an offset in the reading of the “letters” of the DNA |
| gene expression | use of a gene to make a protein |
| homeobox gene | gene that codes regulatory proteins that control gene expression during development |
| operator | a region of an operon where regulatory proteins bind |
| operon | region of prokaryotic DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more genes that encode proteins needed for a specific function |
| regulatory element | region of DNA where a regulatory protein binds |
| regulatory protein | protein that regulates gene expression |
| TATA box | regulatory element that is part of the promoter of most eukaryotic genes |
Created by:
khirschy
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