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Semester Exam Review

QuestionAnswer
Biology is the study of life
Instructions for development that are passed from parent to offspring are known as genes
Not necessarily a distinct property of living things? complexity
All organisms are composed of cells
Scientific hypotheses are most often tested by experimenting
A hypothesis is a testable possible explanation of an observation
A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is a theory
A hypothesis that does not explain an observation is rejected
A light microscope that has an objective lens of 10x and an ocular lens of 20x has a magnification of 200x
Area is stated as m2
Length is stated as m
Mass is stated as g
Temperature is stated as C
Atoms are composed of proteins with a positive charge, electrons with a negative charge, neutrons with no charge.
The smallest particle of matter that can retain the chemical properties of carbon is an atom of carbon.
A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called an element
The electrons of an atom orbit the nucleus in various energy levels.
A chemically stable atom will have either 2 or 8 electrons in its outermost level.
An atom with less than 4 electrons will lose electrons to become a positive ion.
An atom with more than 4 electrons will gain electrons to become a negative ion.
The bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a covalent bond.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons and the number of electrons.
Subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass number gives one the number of neutrons.
Noble gases have either 2 or 8 electrons in the outer level making them stable.
In this equation C4H10 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O Water and Carbon Dioxide are the products, the equation is not balanced
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent.
A neutral solution has an equal number of Hydroxide and hydrogen ions
A solution with a pH of 11 is basic
Acidic solutions have a pH that is less than 7
Nonpolar molecules have no negative or positive poles.
A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a polar molecule.
Water is important to life because it surrounds all cells, is found inside cells, and influences the shape of the cell membrane.
Water is a polar molecule because different parts of the molecule have slightly different charges.
Properties of water that result from hydrogen bonding are adhesive strength, capillarity, and cohesive strength
All organic compounds contain the element C (Carbon)
These three elements are often found in organic compounds carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon is found in the backbone of most organic molecules because carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
A single unit found in a polymer is called a monomer
The formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate from ATP and water is an example of a hydrolysis reaction
Monomers bond together to form polymers in reactions called condensation reactions.
Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose, Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen are carbohydrates
Sucrose is a disaccharide
Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are polysaccharides
Long chains of amino acids are found in proteins
Review the chemical structure of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids pages
Nitrogenous bases join by covalent bonds to form nucleic acids
Saturated fats, phospholipids, and earwax are examples of lipids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
Robert Hooke discovered cells by observing dead plant cells (cork)
The smallest units of life in all living things are cells
Surface area limits cell growth because the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough waste through the surface
Prokaryotes were found on Earth before eukaryotes
Bacteria are an example of a prokaryotic cell
The cell membrane encloses the contents of a cell, allows material to enter and leave the cell, and is selectively permeable.
A very active cell might contain large numbers of mitochondria
The organelles that modify and repackage proteins are Golgi Apparatus/ Golgi Bodies
ATP is produced in the mitochondria
Numerous threadlike organelles that are packed in tight rows and protrude from the surface of the cell are cilia
Proteins are made in the cell on the ribosome
Know all parts of the cell and the function of each part.
These are found in both plant and animal cells mitochondria, cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum
These are found only in plant cells, but not in animal cells cell wall, large vacuole, chloroplasts
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast
This organelle in plant cells contains a green pigment chloroplast
Large Vacuoles are found in plant cells and are a large membrane-bound space in which water, waste products, and nutrients
The correct order of organization of structures in living things from simple to most complex cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
The unit used in the laboratory to express a small amount of a fluid such as a blood sample milliliters
The SI unit used to measure the diameter of a eukaryotic cell is the um (micrometer)
To measure the density of a clump of cell organelles a scientist would use a balance and a graduated cylinder
The units used to express the density of an object are g/ml
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane
Diffusion takes place from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrations
Dispersal of ink in a beaker is a example of diffusion
Facilitated diffusion required a carrier protein, requires no energy from the cell and involves a change in the shape of its carrier
Chemiosmosis, active transport, and a sodium-potassium pump require energy from the cell
Diffusion, Osmosis, and facilitated diffusion require no energy from the cell
Osmosis is the process by which water passes into or out of a cell
Molecules too large to move across a cell membrane can be removed by exocytosis
Molecules too large to move across a cell membrane can be moved into the cell by endocytosis
Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms for energy.
Ultimate energy for all living things on Earth comes from the sun
Plants capture energy and make complex molecules in photosynthesis
Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place within the stroma of the chloroplast
Chlorophyll is green because green wavelengths are reflected by the pigment
The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is water
The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen
Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are required by dark reactions are ATP and NADPH
During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for growth is called the Calvin Cycle.
All organic molecules contain carbon atoms that can be traced back in the food chain to carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
The product of photosynthesis that is required to oxidative cellular respiration is oxygen
In the absence of oxygen fermentation takes place
When muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen lactic acid is produced
Cellular respiration takes place in two stages Glycolysis and oxidative respiration
A 2 carbon molecule combines with a 4 carbon molecule to form citric acid in the Krebs cycle
Glycolysis and oxidative respiration are different in that Glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen, which oxidative respiration required oxygen
Cellular respiration includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport
Water is an end produce in the electron transport system
Created by: cwear
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