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Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Father of plant anatomy. | Nehemiah Grew |
| Father of Indian plant anatomy | K.A.Chaudary |
| What are meristems? | Specialised regions of active cell division. |
| Meristem derived from? | Greek word (meristos : divided) |
| Meristems occurring at tips of roots and shoots | Apical meristem |
| Root apical meristem location | Tip of the root |
| Shoot apical meristem location | Distant most region of the stem axis |
| What constitutes the auxiliary bud? | ‘Left behind’ shoot apical meristem during elongation of stem and formation of leaves. |
| What are intercalary meristems? | Meristems occurring between mature tissues. |
| Intercalary meristem occur in | Grasses and regenerate removed by grazing herbivores, |
| What are secondary meristem? | Meristems occurring in mature regions of roots and shoots in plants that produce woody axis. |
| Secondary meristems are also known as | Lateral meristem or cylindrical meristem |
| Examples for secondary meristems | Fascicular vascular cambium. Interfascicular cambium. Cork cambium. |
| How are permanent tissues formed? | Newly formed cells become structurally and functionally specialised and lose the ability to divide. Such cells constitute permanent tissues |
| Primary plant body , specific regions of apical meristem produce—————————,——————— and ——————- | Dermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues. |
| What produces root cap? | Calyptrogen. |
| What is quiescent zone? | Zone of inactive cells present above the root cap. |
| Simple permanent tissues? | All cels similar in structure and function. |
| What are the types of simple permanent tissues? | Parenchyma. Collenchyma. Sclerenchyma. |
| Simple tissues made of ——————— type of cells. | One. |
| ——————forms the major component within organs. | Parenchyma. |
| Cells which are isodiametric are ———————— in nature. | Parenchymatous. |
| Cells in parenchyma are ———,————,————-,————— and ————in shape. | Spherical Oval Elongated Round Polygonal. |
| Cell walls of parenchymatous cells are | Thin and made up of cellulose |
| Intercellular spaces in parenchymatous cells | Closely packed or have small intercellular spaces |
| Functions of parenchyma | Photosynthesis Storage Secretion |
| Occurrence of collenchyma | Occur in layers below the epidermis in most of the dicotyledonous plants. |
| Occurrence of collenchyma 2 | In homogenous layers or in patches. |
| Collenchymatous cells are | Much thickened at the corners . |
| Why are collenchymatous cells thickened at corners ? | Due to deposition of cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin. |
| Shape of collenchymatous cells | Oval Spherical Polygonal. |
| ——————— cells contain chloroplasts. | Collenchymatous |
| What do Collenchymatous cells with chloroplasts do? | They assimilate food. |
| Intercellular spaces in collenchymatous cells | Absent. |
| Functions of collenchyma | Provides mechanical support for growing parts. |
| Collenchyma present in | Young stem and petiole of leaf. |
| What is chlorenchyma? | Type of parenchyma consisting chloroplats. |
| What is aerenchyma? | Parenchyma present in cortex of stem and root in aquatic plants provides buoyancy. |
| Parenchyma is present as | Palisade and spongy parenchyma |
| Sclerenchymatous cells 1( shape) | Long and narrow |
| Sclerenchymatous cells 2 ( cell wall) | Thick and lignified |
| Sclerenchymatous cells 3(pits) | Few or numerous pits |
| ————————— cells are dead and lack protoplasts | Sclerenchymatous |
| Sclerenchyma can be either | Fibres or sclereids. |
| Features of fibres (sclerenchyma) | Thick walled Elongated Pointed cells Occur in groups in various parts of plants. |
| Features of sclereids ( sclerenchyma) | Spherical , oval or cylindrical Highly thickened cell walls with very narrow cavities (lumen) |
| Sclereids present in : | Fruit walls of nuts Pulp of fruits like guava , pear and sapota Seed coats of legumes Leaves of tea |
| Functions of sclerenchyma | Provides mechanical support to plant organs. |
| What are complex tissues? | Permanent tissues having different type of cells. |
| Complex tissues are made of ———————type of cells and work together as ————unit. | More than one type , one. |
| What constitutes complex tissues in plants? | Xylem and phloem. |
| Functions of xylem | Conducting tissue for water and minerals Provides mechanical strength |
| What are the xylem elements? Which of these are living and which are not? | Tracheids - dead Vessels - dead Xylem fibres - dead Xylem parenchyma - living |
| Gymnosperms lack————————- in xylem. | Vessels |
| What are tracheids? | Elongated tube like cells . |
| Walls of tracheids? | Thick and lignified and tapering ends. |
| Tracheid cells 2 ( components) | Dead and lack protoplasm |
| Tracheids 3 ( cell walls) | Inner layers have thickenings which vary in form. |
| In flowering plants , ——————— and —————— are main water transporting elements. | Tracheids and vessels. |
| What are vessels? | Long cylindrical tube -like structures. |
| Vessels are made up of ? | Many cells called vessel members. |
| Vessel cells | Lignified walls and central-cavity . Devoid of protoplasm. |
| Vessel members are interconnected through————————-in in their ——————— | Perforations , common walls |
| Presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of ————— | Angiosperms |
| Features of Xylem fibres | Highly thickened cell walls Obliterated central lumen |
| Xylem fibres can be either ——————- or ———————-. | Septate or aseptate |
| Features of Xylem parenchyma cells | Living and thin walled Cell wall made of cellulose. |
| Functions of xylem parenchyma | Store food material in form of starch or fat , tannins |
| The radial conduction takes place by the —————————. | Ray parenchymatous cells. |
| What are the types of primary xylem ? | Protoxylem and metaxylem. |
| What is protoxylem? | First formed primary xylem. |
| What is metaxylem? | Later formed primary xylem. |
| What is endarch? | Protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and metaxylem lies towards periphery of the organ |
| What is exarch? | Protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards centre |
| Exarch can be seen in——————— | Roots. |
| What does phloem transports? | Food materials from leaves to other plant bodies. |
| Phloem components in angiosperms. Which are living and which aren’t? | Sieve tube elements Companion cells Phloem parenchyma Phloem fibres |
| Phloem components in gymnosperms | Albuminous cells Sieve cells |
| Phloem in gymnosperms lack —————— and ——————. | Sieve tubes , companion cells |
| What are sieve tube elements? | Long tube like structures , arranged longitudinally. |
| Sieve tube elements are associated with ———————. | Companion cells. |
| How are sieve plates formed? |
Created by:
Amritha Annamalai
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