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Botany- Lecture 1
Information from the first half of the semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intercalary Meristem | embryonic tissue surrounded by mature tissue |
| What are the three tissue systems? | Dermal, Ground, and vascular. |
| Phragmoplast | microtubular structure involved in cell division |
| Middle lamella | between the cell walls of two cells. Made of pectic substances |
| Plasmodesmata | holes in the new cell wall that strands of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) go through. |
| Protoplast | the living portion of the cell that contains cytoplasm, organelles, systems of membranous and non-membranous cells, and the nucleus |
| What is the cell wall made of? | primary cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary wall |
| What is the primary wall? | deposited during cell division. composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, enzymes, and glycoproteins. |
| Primary cell wall may become.... | lignified |
| Plasmodesmata contains.. | primary pit fields |
| The Middle lamella is composed of... | pectin substances, and it is shared by adjacent cells |
| _______ is INTERNAL to the primary wall | the secondary wall |
| the secondary wall is only deposited in cells that... | have stopped growing. |
| four things about secondary walls | provide strength, conduct water, protoplasts die, and they are multilayered |
| _____________ may occur throughout cell wall or in primary pit fields. they transport substances between cells. | plasmodesmata |
| ____________ have double membranes. | plastids |
| Name four plastids | chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, and proplastids. |
| What are chromoplasts? | they lack chlorophyll and may develop from chloroplasts |
| What are leucoplasts? | they are non-pigmented. They synthesize starch, oil, and proteins. |
| What contains cell sap? | vacuoles. |
| What is the membrane of a vacuole called? | an ionoplast. |
| Immature cells have _______ vacuoles. | small. |
| What do vacuoles store? | salts, sugars, calcium, oxalate, crystals, toxic substances (such as nicotine), and pigments. |
| Vacuoles function like... | lysosomes in animals |
| Peroxisomes | involved in photorespiration. |
| Glyoxisomes | contain enzymes which convert fat to carbs |
| Ergastic substances | products of metabolism |
| what are some things found in cell walls and vacuoles? | starch, crystals, resins, germs, lipids, proteins |
| tissue | a group of cells of similar structure organized in a functional unit. |
| simple tissue | one cell type (like parenchyma) |
| complex tissue | two or more cell types (like xylem or phloem) |
| Two types of dermal tissue | epidermis and periderm |
| what is periderm? | it replaces the epidermis during secondary growth |
| Epidermis | continuous layer on surface of primary plant body |
| specialized cells | guard cells, trichomes (including root hairs) |
| How many layers is epidermis (usually)? | just one. |
| cuticle | waxy substance used for protection to prevent water loss |
| when guard cells are flacid, stomata are... | closed |
| when guard cells are turgid, stomata are.... | open |
| periderm | replaces epidermis in stems and roots during secondary growth |
| periderm consists of.... | cork tissue |
| cork is.... | a non-living, suberized tissue |
| suberin | waxy substance |
| phelloderm | cork skin |
| Fundamental or Ground tissue consists of... | parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
| Five things about parenchyma | can develop into other tissues, usually thin walled, walls usually primary but could be secondary, living protoplast at maturity, polyhedral shape (may be elongated) |
| what is totipotency? | the ability to develop a whole plant from one cell |
| Where does parenchyma usually occur? | cortex of stems, pith of stems and roots, leaf mesophyll, in horizontal rays in vascular tissue |
| What are three functions of parenchyma? | photosynthesis, storage (especially water), and secretion |
| Are parenchyma capable of cell division? | yes. |
| Parenchyma are comprised of... | meristematic tissues |
| ____________ is involved in wound healing | parenchyma |
| Vascular tissue is embedded in... | parenchyma |
| Seven things about collenchyma? | living at maturity, occurs in strands or continuous cylinders near the surface of the stem and in petioles, right beneath the surface, bordering veins (in eudicots), related to parenchyma, its primary walls are unevenly thick and thin, usually elongated. |
| what is the function of collenchyma? | mechanical support |
| six things about sclerenchyma | may form continuous mass or occur individually, may develop anywhere in plant body, cells have thick secondary walls, lack protoplasts at maturity, found in parts that have stopped elongating. |
| what is the function of sclerenchyma? | mechanical strength |
| what are the two types of sclerenchyma? | fibers and sclereids |
| what are fibers? | long and slender, occur in strands or bundles |
| sclerids | shorter than fibers and vary in shapes |
| What are brachysclerids? | stone cells |
| What are ramiform pits? | occur in stone cells |
| five things about xylem | principle water conduction tissue, complex tissue, may be primary or secondary, functions in mechanical support and food storage. |
| where does primary xylem and phloem originate? | procambium |
| where does secondary xylem and phloem originate? | vascular cambium |
| the procambium and the vascular cambium are... | meristematic tissues |
| What are the two types of xylem cells? | tracheids and vessel elements |
| Tracheids are... | tapered cells |
| what are five things about tracheids? | they have secondary walls, dead at maturity, may have pits in their walls, lack perforations, found in angiosperms and gymnosperms |
| ___________ are the only type of element found in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants | tracheids |
| what are five things about vessel elements? | shorter and wider than tracheids, more effeicient than tracheids, dead at maturity (lack protoplasts), have secondary walls (may have pits), have perforations in walls |
| what are erforations? | areas which lack both primary and secondary walls |
| perforation plates occur in... | end walls of vessels |
| when vessel elements are arranged end to end, it is called... | a vessel |
| five things about phloem? | principle food conduction tissue, also conducts amino acids, complex tissue, may be primary or secondary, cells are living at maturity. |
| What are the two types of phloem? | sieve cells and sieve tube elements |
| Which is found in gymnosperms, sieve cells, or sieve tube elements? | sieve cells |
| Which is found in angiosperms, sieve cells, or sieve tube elements? | sieve tube elements. |
| sieve | cluster of pores |
| sieve area | where you find sieves |
| large sieve areas | sieve plates |
| protoplasts of adjacent cells are interconnected through | sieve areas/plates |
| sieve cells only have.. | sieve areas |
| sieve tube elements only have | sieve plates |
| pores of sieve plates are lines with.. | callose |
| what is the pressure inside phloem? | 30 atm. |
| do aphids suck? | nope. |
| if you injure phloem, it would squeeze out by itself b/c of the pressure, but ______ IMMEDIATELY covers the wound to keep the pressure | wound callose |
| what are the two types of callose? | definitive and wound |
| ___________ is produced when phloem is dying. it covers the pores and stops function. | definitive callose |
| How do sieve cells and sieve tube members function? | companion cells. |
| Instead of nuclei, what to sieve cells and sieve tube members have at maturity? | slime or p-protein |
| Do companion cells and sieve tube members originate in the same place? | nope. |
| do albuminous cells and sieve cells have the same origin? | yes. |
| companion cells go with | sieve tube members |
| sieve cells go with... | albuminous cells |
| contents of sieve elements is 20%.. | sucrose |
| How does water move into phloem? | osmosis. |
| Why does osmosis work with phloem? | the great positive pressure |
| does phloem contain any parenchyma? | yes. |
| What is a meristem? | young tissue primarily concerned with the formation of new cells |
| What do meristems do? | they add cells to the plant body and perpetuate themselves my remaining embryonic. |
| Nodes are close together at... | the apical meristem. |
| Primary xylem and phloem are produced by... | the procambium |
| the protoderm produces the.. | epidermis |
| what are the two layers of the apical meristem? | the tunica and the corpus |
| what is the tunica? | 2 outer layers of the apical meristem that undergo anticlinal divisions. |
| What are anticlinal divisions? | divisions perpendicular to the outside. They enlarge surface area. |
| what are periclinal divisions? | divisions that occur parallel to the outside. they increase the volume of cells. |
| What is the corpus? | a layer of the apical meristem that consists of several layers that undergo anticlinal and periclinal divisions |
| Leaf trace gap just has ____________ | parenchyma tissue |
| protoderm | immature epidermis |
| Ground meristem | produces a lot of volume of the stem, such as the cortex and pith |
| procambium | immature vascular tissue |
| immature xylem has... | ER, mitochondria, microtubules, simple plastids |
| mature xylem | is dead and empty |
| in roots, there is no | corpus |
| the core of a root is... | vascular tissue |
| what are the main functions of a root? | absorbtion of water and nutrients, anchoring, storage, conduction |
| most roots are important.... | storage organs |
| what is endosperm? | NNN triploid nourishment |
| in corn, the ____________ dies. | primary root dies. |
| in eudicots and gymnosperms, the primary root becomes a _________ which gives rise to _____________ roots | taproot, branch |
| In eudicots and gymnosperms, the roots form the _________ system | taproot |
| in monocots, there is the ___________ root system | fibrous |
| _______ roots penetrate deeper into the soil than ___________ roots | tap, fibrous |
| fibrous roots prevent... | soil erosion. |
| what are the functions of a rootcap? | protects apical meristem, aids in penetrating soil, and is important in geotropism. |
| what is geotropism? | it makes roots grown downward. |
| What are auxins? | they are growth hormones that cause plants to not only grow, but to respond to gravity and light. |
| what causes plants to grow and to respond to gravity and light? | auxins |
| Roots have... | geotropism |
| stems have... | negative geotropism |
| what has negative geotropism? | stems. |
| do auxins move away or toward light? | away from light |
| where is the quiescent center? | right behind the rootcap |
| the epidermis of the root absorbs... | water and minerals |
| extensions of epidermal cells on the root are called.... | root hairs. |
| what is the largest area of the primary root? | the cortex |
| what is the cortex and what does it store? | the cortex is the largest area of the primary root and it stores starch. |
| What goes on with the cortex during secondary growth? | it is shed by dicots and gymnosperms, and retained by monocots |
| the innermost layer of the cortex is... | the endodermis! |
| what is the endodermis? | the innermost layer of the cortex |
| what is the pericycle? | the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder. |
| what is the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder? | the pericycle. |
| what are three things about the endodermis? | there are NO intercellular spaces, it is only one layer thick, and the cells have casparian strips on the ANTICLINAL walls. |
| the cells of the endodermis that have casparian strips on the anticlinal walls are.... | impregnated with suberin and may be lignified, they are also impermeable to water. |
| the innermost layer of the cortex is... | the endodermis! |
| what is the endodermis? | the innermost layer of the cortex |
| what is the pericycle? | the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder. |
| what is the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder? | the pericycle. |
| what are three things about the endodermis? | there are NO intercellular spaces, it is only one layer thick, and the cells have casparian strips on the ANTICLINAL walls. |
| the cells of the endodermis that have casparian strips on the anticlinal walls are.... | impregnated with suberin and may be lignified, they are also impermeable to water. |
| the innermost layer of the cortex is... | the endodermis! |
| what is the endodermis? | the innermost layer of the cortex |
| what is the pericycle? | the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder. |
| what is the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder? | the pericycle. |
| what are three things about the endodermis? | there are NO intercellular spaces, it is only one layer thick, and the cells have casparian strips on the ANTICLINAL walls. |
| the cells of the endodermis that have casparian strips on the anticlinal walls are.... | impregnated with suberin and may be lignified, they are also impermeable to water. |
| All substances entering and leaving the vascular cylinder must pass through... | the protoplast of the endodermal cells -- through plasma membrane or plasmodesmata |
| in roots that keep their cortex, _____________ is deposited on endodermal cells | suberin lanella |
| cells stop functioning when _________ is added | cellulose and lignin |
| How does water get through the endodermis? | passage cells |
| where are the passage cells located? | opposite the "arms" of the xylem |
| what is the outermost layer of stele? | pericycle |
| what is the origin of lateral roots? | pericycle |
| what is pericycle composed of? | parenchyma |
| what is the center of the stele made of? | it is a solid core of prinary xylem with primary phloem between the "arms" |
| does protoxylem mature first or second? | first. |
| does metaxylem mature first or second? | second. |
| if something is primary, it is produced by... | the procambium |
| if something is secondary, it is produced by... | the vascular cambium |
| monocots have.. | piths. |
| most water enters through roots at the... | younger parts |
| water moves through the ______ of roots | cortex |
| water moving from cell wall to cell wall | apoplastic |
| apoplastic | water moving from cell wall to cell wall |
| water moves from protoplast to protoplast via plasmodesmata | symplastic |
| symplastic | water moves from protoplast to protoplast via plasmodesmata |
| water moves from vacuole to vacuole | transicullar |
| transicular | water moves from vacuole to vacuole |
| once water gets to the endodermis, it goes into the... | cortex |
| root pressure forces _______________________ up. | water dissolved ions |
| what is root pressure? | the positive pressure created by the water moving into the xylem |
| what is the positive pressure created by the water moving into the xylem? | root pressure |
| Root pressure causes... | guttation through stomates |
| name four modified roots | prop roots, arial roots, pneumatophor (swamp), and buttress roots |
| what is the most fundamental plant organ | stem |
| there are no plants without ________ | stems |
| what are the functions of stems? | support, storage/transport of food and water, conduction, photosynthesis |
| what is the basic anatomy of the stem? | the epidermis, cortex, and the stele |
| what is a fascicle? | a bundle |
| what are the nine stem modifications? | rhizome, stolons (runners), tuber, corm, bulb, vine, tendril, thorn, cladophyl |
| What is a rhizome? | horizontal stem at or below the ground, distinguished from roots by the pressure of leaves |
| What are stolons or runners? | horizontal, above ground stem, has one or very few long internodes, specialized for vegetative reproduction. Ex - strawberry |
| what is a tuber? | horizontal, underground stem. It is the swollen tip of a rhizome, specialized for storage. Ex - potato |
| what is a corm? | underground stem specialized for storage. it is similar to a tuber, but it is vertical and not attached to a rhizome. it has short internodes with scale leaves at the nodes. Ex - Gladiolus |
| what is a bulb? | a large, underground bud. has scale leaves modified for storage. Ex - onion, lily. |
| what is a vine? | climbing stem. has great tensile strength. attaches to other plants. |
| how does a vine attach to things? | by tendrils and wrapping |
| what is a tendril? | stipules, leaflets, leaves, branches. they are usually parts of leaves. |
| what is a thorn? | an axillary branch. Ex - Hawthorne |
| what is cladophyll | stems that take on the outward structure and function of leaves. They are green and photosynthetic. Ex - asparagus |
| xeromorphic | leaves modified for dry conditions. they have a very thick cuticle, lots of sclerenchyma. they are succulent with large, thin-walled, water storing parenchyma cells |
| hydromorphic | leaves modified for aquatic conditions, have large air spaces between cells. Ex - water lily |
| mesomorphic | a regular leaf |
| what is a stele? | morphological unit of the plant body, combining vascular tissue and the associated ground tissues |
| what is the stelar theory? | primary bodies of stems and roots are basically alike because each consists of a central core |
| what does the core include? | pericycle, the vascular system, and associated parenchyma |
| what is the most primitive type of stele? | the protostele |
| what is a protostele? | a solid core of vascular tissue with no pith |
| what is a haplostele? | a strand of primary xylem sheathed by a cylinder of phloem |
| What does an actinostele look like? | it is when the xylem is lobed or star shaped, as in ranunculus |
| what does pectostele look like? | seperate plates with phloem in between |
| what is a siphonostele? | cylinders of xylem and phloem around a central pith |
| what type of stele is found in monocots? | the atactostele |
| what is the main function of leaves? | photosynthesis. |
| what are the two types of compound leaves? | pinnately and palmately compound |
| what does sessile mean? | without a petiole. |
| if a leaf doesn't have a petiole, it is considered... | sessile. |
| stomates are randomly scattered in.... | eudicots |
| stomates are in parallel rows in... | monocots |
| What does mesophyll do? | it is specialized for photosynthesis |
| what are the two types of mesophyll? | spongy and and palisade |
| is netted venation found in eudicots or monocots? | eudicots. |
| is parallel venation found in eudicots or monocots? | monocots. |
| xylem has a very ________ pressure | low negative |
| an air bubble in a vein would be like | a blood clot for humans. it stops the flow of water. |
| what does the bundle sheath do? | it keeps the air out of vascular tissue |
| where is collenchyma located in leaves? | right beneath the surface, and also over large veins |
| where is sclerenchyma most commonly found? | in xeromorphic leaves. |
| why is sclerenchyma most commonly found in xeromorphic leaves? | because it reduces the effects of wilting |
| grass leaves have stomates __________________. | on both sides. |
| what are bulliform cells? | specialized epidermal cells. they help in folding and unfolding or rolling in response to water pressure. |
| what cells are specialized epidermal cells that help in folding and unfolding or rolling in response to water pressure? | bulliform cells |
| what are five things about xeromorphic leaves? | they have multiple epidermis with thick cuticle, small, sunken stomates, some leaves roll, they have abundant sclerenchyma, and they have silica in their walls |
| what are four things about hydromorphic leaves? | they have aerating tissues, large numbers of air spaces (aerenchyma), thin cuticle, and stomates on upper surface or not at all |
| what is aerenchyma? | air spaces, commonly found in hydromorphic leaves |
| what are the air spaces called in hydromorphic leaves? | aerenchyma |
| what are three characteristics of sun leaves? | smaller, thicker, and have more extensive vascular system |
| what are three characteristics of shade leaves? | larger, thinner, darger green (because of more chlorophyll in cells) |
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akfehr
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