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ENT.
med surg
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transmission sensorineural deafness | Mostly from problems with cochlea (hair cells lacking) |
| S/S of TSD | Deafness. |
| Causes of TSD | Maternal cytomegalovirus, maternal rubella, scarlet fever or haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Injury, noise exposure. ototoxic drugs |
| TX for TSD | Cochlear implant |
| OME | Otitis media with effusion |
| S/S of OME | Popping sensation in eardrum, dizziness or hearing loss or feeling of eardrum fullness |
| Causes of OME | Fluid within the middle ear space without the signs or symptoms of infection. |
| TX of OME | Observation and antibiotics. Omoxicillin |
| AOM | Acute otitis media |
| S/S of AOM | Otalgia itching and fullness of ear canal tenderness of tragus or pinna, diffuse swelling and erythema of one or both ears. Red bulging tympanic membrane. |
| TX of AOM | Antibiotics. |
| AEO | Acute Otitis externa |
| S/S of AEO | Otalgia itching and fullness of ear canal tender tragus and or pinna |
| TX of AEO | OTC meds for pain. Topical antimicrobial. Oflaxacin and cipro only drugs approved for ear |
| Blindness | Can't see light at all. 20/200. |
| Enucleation | Removal of an eye. Conjunctiva and eye muscles are sutured to a round implant inserted into the orbit to maintain the shape |
| Special instruction with enucleation. What dont you chart | PERRLA with prosthesis |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Nonproliferative and pre and proliferative stage disease |
| Non proliferative DR | Dilated veins, microaneurysms edema of macula exudates |
| Preproliferative DR | Retinal ischemia causes infarcts of nerve fiber layer. "cotton wool" patches on retina. |
| Proliferative DR | Fragile new vessels form in retina or optic disc leading to hemorrhage and or retinal detachment |
| Macular degeneration | no central vision |
| TX of MD | No effective tx, laser therapy may slow progression |
| Retinal detachment | Separation of retinal from choroid from fluid or tumor. |
| Is retinal detachment painful | no |
| Sign of retinal detachment | curtains over vision field, floaters, flashes of light |
| TX of retinal detachment | Air into vitreous cavity so bubble pushes detached portion of retina against choroid. Laser or cryotherapy, scleral buckling |
| Two kinds of glaucoma | Open and closed angle |
| What is open angle glaucoma | Slow progressive grudual onset overproduction or obstruction to the outflow of aqueous humor |
| S/S of open angle | Painless, gradual loss of peripheral vision "tunnel vision" |
| TX of open angle | Miotics, sympathomimetics, hyperosmotics, beta blockers, diamox |
| Closed angle s/s | Rapid onset, painful, affected eye red, cornea clouded, non reactive pupil |
| TX of closed angle | Same as open. Miotics, sympathomimetics, diamox, beta blockers, hyperosmotics |
| Diagnostic tests for glaucoma | Tonometry, gonioscopy |
| Cataracts s/s | Opacity of the lens that distorts image. Opaque or cloudy pupil ,gradual loss of vision, blurred vision, photophobia, absence of red reflex |
| Causes of cataracts | aging, inherited, injury , secondary to disease |
| TX of cataracts | Surgical removal of lens |
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