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WGeo Sem A Exam Rev
World Geography Semester A Exam Review Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physical geography | the spatial study of natural phenomena that make up the environment, such as rivers, mountains, landforms, weather, climate, soils, plants, and any other physical aspects of the Earth’s surface. |
| cultural landscape | those parts of the Earth’s surface that have been altered or created by humans. |
| equinox | When days and nights are of equal length |
| Functional regions | boundaries related to a specific activity within a given area. |
| theory of plate tectonics | the Earth’s crust is divided into more than a dozen floating plates that shift a few inches each year. |
| Plateaus | elevated plains |
| archipelago | a group of islands closely scattered in a body of water. |
| isthmus | a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas of land across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated |
| Biodiversity | the variety of life in a biome, ecosystem, or habitat. |
| orographic effect | occurs when the flow of air is interrupted by a hill or mountain |
| tropics | the area situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. |
| High-latitude climates | Climate that receives the least direct sunlight. |
| Constitutional monarchy | A government system in which a king or queen is the figurehead symbol of national unity, but holds very little real power. |
| Authoritarianism | a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms |
| Representative democracy | a government system in which citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf. |
| capitalism | An economic system in which the people own the property and businesses and the government provides regulations. |
| communism | An economic system in which the government decides what to make, how much to charge, what to pay workers, and who does what job. |
| socialism | An economic system that has higher taxes to pay for more government programs. |
| Primary sector | The sector of the economy that has raw materials. |
| Secondary sector | The sector of the economy that has manufacturing. |
| Tertiary sector | The sector of the economy that has stores. |
| Quaternary sector | The sector of the economy that has schools. |
| Rural-to-urban shift | occurs when people move from rural agricultural areas to the cities for employment or in search of a better life. |
| Less developed | Rating that indicates a country is one of the world’s poorest. |
| newly industrialized | Rating that indicates economic growth as a result of industrialization that is having a great impact on the society. |
| more developed | Rating that indicates a robust economy and advanced technology. |
| gross domestic product | the total of all goods and services produced inside a country, valued in dollars. |
| Birth rate | the total number of live births per 1,000 people in a country. |
| infant mortality rate | the number of deaths under one year of age occurring during a year, per 1,000 live births. |
| Literacy rate | The number of people who can read and write in a population. |
| emigrants | People who leave a country |
| immigrants | People entering a new country |
| pull factors | Things that make people want to move to a country |
| push factors | things that make people want to leave a country |
| Great Continental Divide | a line of mountains and rivers that divide the Americas. |
| cordillera | a ropelike string of mountains extending across the landscape. |
| natural borders | Winding, curved borders made from natural forms such as rivers. |
| Sierra Nevada | A major mountain range of western North America, running along the eastern edge of the U.S. state of California |
| Appalachian Mountains | a system of mountains in eastern North America. |
| Rio Grande River | A river that divides the U.S. from Mexico. |
| Sun Belt | An area of southern U.S. with a lower latitude and a warmer climate. |
| Manifest Destiny | the belief of some Americans that the new nation was divinely predestined to expand westward across the continent. |
| federal government | a system of dividing up power between a central national government and local state governments. |
| republic | type of democracy, run by elected leaders and organized into a system of states under a federal government |
| separation of power | Concept that no one group in government has too much power |
| checks and balances | System to keep the government as a whole fair and equitable |
| Legislative Branch | a marketing strategy that uses people's personal data on social media to show them specific advertisements. |
| popular vote | the votes of the citizens |
| gerrymandering | The drawing of voting district maps to favor one party |
| Blue collar | Workers performing manual labor at an hourly wage |
| White collar | Office workers and managers who organize the blue collar workers. |
| sharing economy | economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee, typically by means of the Internet. |
| offshoring | The practice of basing some of a company's activities overseas to take advantage of lower costs |
| Subsistence farming | producing just enough to survive, leaving little to trade for other things. |
| commercial farms | Agriculture owned by companies that aim to make a profit |
| Hydraulic fracturing | a process in which rock is fractured by pressurized liquid, resulting in oil and natural gas that can be harvested. |
| Non-renewable resources | Energy resources that can’t be replaced within the human lifespan |
| Renewable resource | a natural resource which can be replenished to replace the portion depleted by usage. |
| refugee | A person who is fleeing their home country |
| Ring of Fire | an area of heavy tectonic plate activity that is responsible for shaping many of Latin America's landforms |
| llanos | A grassland area of South America |
| Día de los Muertos | a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout the country on November 1st and 2nd |
| Repatriation | the return of a person to their home country |
| Bracero | A manual laborer brought to the U.S. to from Mexico |
| Free market economy | supply and demand control activities, private companies/citizens own much of the economy, and there is little or no government control |
| Iron Curtain | A separation of Western and Eastern Europe |
| Colonialism | acquiring and settling another land with the goal of economic dominance |
| Specialization | when a person or company focuses on one type of product or service and becomes efficient at doing so |
| Strait | a channel of water that lies between two land masses. |
| Fjord | a valley that was formed from glaciation |
| Peninsula | portions of land mostly surrounded by water. |
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joann.roe
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