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Cathys Geology
End of Semester Geology 12 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| asthenosphere | the bottom part of the mantle, moves easily |
| lithosphere | crust and upper mantle |
| convergent | type of faults that come together |
| divergent | type of faults that move apart |
| hydrologic cycle | another name for water cycle |
| Moh's | scale that rates hardness of a mineral |
| Richter | scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake |
| lithification | the hardening of sediment to form rock |
| transpiration | the evaporation of water from plants |
| rock cycle | cycle of events through which a rock and sediment changes |
| meander | a bend in a stream |
| turbulence | refers to how rapid and strong the water movement is |
| orogeny | A period of mountain building |
| cinder cone | volcano made mostly of cinders |
| sheild volcano | volcano made from quiet lava flows |
| creep | slow downward movement of soil due to gravity |
| landslide | sudden movement of land down a slope |
| horizon | another name for layer of soil |
| mud crack | cracks left in the top of mud after it has dried |
| ventifact | a rock flattened by the wind |
| chemical | type of weathering that changes rocks into other things chemically |
| mechanical | type of weathering that simply breaks rocks into smaller parts |
| igneous | type of rock formed when magma hardens |
| sedimentary | type of rock that is often layered |
| metamorphic | type of rock that has been formed due to heat and pressure |
| geology | the study of the earth |
| element | substance that cannot be broken down by non-chemical methods |
| atom | smallest possible particle of an element |
| rock | just a bunch of minerals stuck together |
| crust | outermost layer of the earth |
| fluorescence | property when a mineral glows in the dark |
| sediment | matter that has been deposited, transported or eroded |
| stalactite | calcite mineral deposits growing downward in a cave |
| deflation | the removal of loose sand by the wind |
| oxbow lake | a u-shaped lake formed by a cut off meander |
| canyon | a steep sided valley |
| solution | a liquid with solids dissolved in it |
| suspension | liquid with solids floating in it |
| bedload | rocks and sediment that roll and bounce on the bottom of river bed |
| focus | place on fault where earthquake begins |
| aa | type of lava that is rough and jagged |
| pahoehoe | type of lava that is smooth and ropey |
| lava tunnel | solidified lava with lava flowing beneath it |
| snow line | the lowest level snow reaches in the summer |
| glacier | a huge mass of slow moving ice and snow |
| firn | stage of glacier ice between snow and ice (granular, round ice) |
| till | unsorted, unlayered sediment deposits left by a glacier |
| outwash | rocky, layered deposits left by a glacier |
| mountain | land mass that rises above land around it (higher that 610 m) |
| hill | land mass that rises above land around it (smaller than 610 m) |
| cleavage | property of some minerals (tendency to break cleanly and evenly) |
| fracture | property of some minerals (tendency to break cleanly and evenly) |
| talus | rocks, sediment, sand and debris that build up at the base of a cliff |
| loess | an accumulation of wind blown dust |
| conglomerate | a clastic sedimentary rock made of ROUNDED pebbles or stones cemented with finely ground material (yes, cereal in peanut butter, sigh) |
| breccia | a clastic sedimentary rock made of SHARP fragments cemented with finely ground material (more like broken glass in peanut butter) |
| pumice | a volanic rock full of air cavities (it can actually float!) |
| obsidian | dark volcanic glass |
| calving | the process of icebergs breaking off from glaciers |
| rigid zone | brittle part of a glacier (where lots of crevasses form) |
| anticline | a u shape fold in a rock (mountain building) |
| island arc | Volcanic island chain that forms where a subducting plates collide. These happen next to oceanic trenches. |
| liquefaction | the process by which soil tuns into a semi-solid from earthquake vibrations |
| midocean ridge | long, raised strip of new ocean floor created where two plates diverge and lava bubbles up |
| Benioff zone | A distinct earthquake zone that begins at an oceanic trench |
| fossil | any trace of a plant or animal preserved in a rock |
| sun | where running water ultimately gets its energy from |
| flood plain | flat land that is flooded when a river overflows during a flood |
| abasion | when rocks, pebbles or boulders are rubbed scraped against a river bed |
| mesa | broad, flat-topped hill |
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cathyhk
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