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BIO 320
Exam 5/final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nitrogen cycle 1 | 1.key element to life 2.Microbes are important 3.“reasons” for transformations are biological & organismal(not ecological) |
| Nitrogen cycle 2 | 4.Many pools & transformations. Organic & inorganic forms. Gaseous & solid phases. Oxidations & reductions. Energy yielding & energy consuming |
| Liebig’s law of the minimum | 1. Element in shortest supply Relative to needs of organisms will limit growth 2. Stoichiometry (Ratios) |
| Stoichiometry:Potential Limitation | based on ratios; which element will run out first? |
| Stoichiometry:Actual limitation | based on amounts present |
| Actual Limitation | Which element Has “run out” and is now limiting growth? Determined by: Low concentration or Nutrient enrichment Bioassay. |
| Energy Flow Basics: Primary production | Abiotic Storage (material cycle) -> autotrophs (conservation of mass) -> Heterotrophs |
| Light -> organic matter -> Heat | Process of production of organic matterfrom inorganic raw materials |
| Organismal Metabolism | Gross Primary production – plant respiration = Net primary production(Pgross – Rpl = Pnet) |
| Nutrient Cycling Basics | 1. Are biogeochemical 2. Involve C, N, P 3.Cycles involve: chemical change; organism interactions; space (atmospheric, sedimentary) 4.Compartment models useful residence time, slow versus fast models vary for different elements (N, P, C, etc) |
| Nitrogen | Key element biologically. Amino acids (essential aa) Protein. Major constituent of organic matter CH2ONx (plants 1-3%-animals 4-10%) May limit biological activity (resource)-Fertilizers |
| Forms of Nitrogen | 1. N2 Atmosphere 78% 2.Organic N Biomass (1-10%) 3. NH3/NH4 ammonia/um soils, gas, sol’n 4.N2O nitrous oxide gas 5. NO2 nitrite soils, sol’n, low conc 6. NO3 nitrate soils, sol’n, high conc toxicity |
| Nitrogen Redox | e-: reduced -> oxidized E: High -> Low Breaking bonds: requires E <----Making Bonds: Yields E ------> |
| Nitrogen Redox | Org N N2 N20 N02- NO3-NH4+ Valence -3 0 +1 +3 +5 |
| Assimilation | Who: plants, algae, bacteria. Why: To get N. Conditions: any, iN needed |
| Assimilation | Standard nutrient uptake through roots or from water. Plants prefer NH4, will use NO3 (higher cost). Animals also assimilate N, as protein & AA, cannot use iN. Animals release N as urea, NH3, etc. Bacteria need N also. Can assimilate oN or iN |
| N Fixation | Who: Cyanobacteria, sybionts w/ legumes. Why: To get N. Conditions: anoxic (or low O2) |
| N Fixation | Requires energy (organic matter) Free living or symbiotic (beans, mesquite) Only bacteria fix nitrogen – plants provide energy, get NH4. Great trick when “fixed” N is very low (resource shift) Farmers use legumes to enrich soil (crop rotation) |
| Denitrification | Who: Anaerobic bacteria. Why: respiration, NO3 is e- acceptor. Conditions: anaxic; high C or NO3 |
| Denitrification | Many bacteria do it. Use NO3 instead of O2 to oxidize organic matter (to eat). Do it when free oxygen not available (microzones)Farmers: drain fields to prevent N loss by denitrification. N2O (nitrous oxide) is intermediate (greenhouse gas) |
| Ammonification | Who: decomposers, animals. Why: byproduct of decomposers. Conditions: any |
| Ammonification | N in organic matter as protein, broken down in decomp. Protein has same redox as NH4. Many bacteria do this. Animals involved too (protein – iN)earthworms, nematodes, zooplankton, fish |
| Nitrification | Who: Nitrifying Bacteria. Why:growth (chemosynthesis). Conditions: oxic |
| Nitrification | Done by few genera of bacteria; many species, oxidative process ; autotrophic. Yields energy for biosynthesis (primary productivity)Produces organic matter (living bacteria)Chemosynthesis = 1% of Photosynthesis worldwide. Hubbard Brook in cation loss |
| Organic Matter | C-C-C compounds (High E bonds) CH2O + NPK etc (CH2O) nNPK etc |
| More Energy Flow: primary production | Light -> (Producers)=> heat loss, respiration->Consumers -> Heat (R) |
| inorganic raw materials | CO2, NO3, PO4, SO4, etc |
| Autotrophs | Self feeding |
| Types of Autotrophs | A. Photoautotrophs (99%) aerobic (oxic) Green plants (99%) anaerobic (anoxic) Purple sulfur bacteriaB. Chemoautotrophy |
| 1. Ecosystem Pg 2. Ecosystem P/R | 1. Recos, Pn=NBI 2. autotrophic ecosystemheterotrophic ecosystem |
| Heterotrophy | Aerobic-other feeding |
| NO3 | N2 |
| SO4 | H2S (smelly) |
| Fe+++ | Fe++ |
| Photoautotrophy | defines autotropy. P>R (P/R>1). In plants, both autotrophic and heterotrophic processes exist. P>R overall but not always (night, winter, cloudy days) |
| Phytoplanktonic algae | – Baltic Sea (photoautotrophs) |
| Great Salt lake | – Purple sulfur bacteria (photosynthesis) |
| Mt. Saint Helens | – Red sulfur bacteria (chemosynthesis) |
| Energy Flow 2 | •Factors affecting Prim prod •Efficiencies •Consumer modules •Food “chains” |
| Factors Affecting Prim prod: light | Adaptations: low light- larger leaves, chl/cell. high light- screening pigments |
| Factors 2: temperature | Low light: temp has little effect. High light: temp increases Pg. Affects R more than P |
| Factors 3: Nutrients | Aquatic: N,P,Fe Integrates Patchy Wshed |
| Factors 3: Nutrients | Terrestrial:N, P, K, S, etc Integrates H2O, transporting medium |
| Factors 4: Actual Evapotranspiration | AET incorporates light, temp, water, nutrients, biota |
| Factors 5: Biotoa | Photsynthetic machinery has to be there. Disturbance history can influence this i.e. recent fire, flood, siltation event |
| Factors 6: Grazing | Comsumers (i.e. cows, plankton) |
| Efficiency of Prim Prod | Efficiency is out/in. Photosythetic efficiency is LOW. Pg/Light:[ worldwide 0.1%-Agri crop 1.0%-Laboratory 8.0%] |
| A/I | = assim eff = % of ingestion assimilated |
| G/A | = growth eff = % of assim to growth |
| G/I | = prod efficiency + % of ingest to growth |
| Food Chains | Sun -> Producers -> Consumer 1 (Detritus, heat) -> Consumer 2 (Detritus, heat), etc. |
| NPM | Non-predatory mortality |
| Ecological efficiency | =food chain efficiency=trophic efficiency |
| Ecological Efficiency | ex: Light (10,000) ->(100) turkey Feed (10) -> Turkey-> (1.0) you -> detritus (0.1) |
| Trophic Dynamic Ecology | C2 -> C1 -> producers |
| Trophic Pyramids | A graphical representation in the shape of a pyramid to show the feeding relationship of groups of organisms, and the distribution of biomass or energy among different trophic levels in a given ecosystem |
| Pyramid of Energy | NEVER Invertible. Stages: Secondary Carnivores -> Primary Carn. -> Herbivores -> Producers |
| Pyramid of Biomass | Irevertible. Carnivores -> Herbivores -> Producers |
| Pyramid of Numbers | Irevertible. Tertiary Consumers -> Secondary Consumers -> Primary Consumers -> Producers |
| Most Energy through? | Detritius Pathways 85% |
| Autotrophic Ecosystem Linkage | Canopy, Epilmnion, Agriculture, Forest |
| Heterotrophic Ecosystem Linkages | Forest Floor, Hypolimnion, Urban, Stream |
| GAIA | John Lovelock: ecol. hypothesis proposing that the biosphere & the physical components of the Earth are closely integrated to form a complex interacting system that maintains the climatic & biogeochemical conditions on Earth in a preferred homeostasis. |
| P/R | Increase in heat, more CO2 production, |
| Greenhouse Effect | The rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun |
| Clouds | Temp rises -> clouds increase -> increased reflection -> temp decreases. Negative feedback |
| Ice Cap | Temp rises --- ice melts – earth darker – absorbs heat – temp even warmer. Positive feedback |
| Permafrost Melting | Temp rises --- permafrost melts ---- peat decomposes -- CO2 released -- temp rises. Positive Feedback |
| If Global warming is as projected by IPCC:What can/should we do about it? | 1. Mitigation (stop it) 2. Adaptation (get used to it) |
| Uncertainties of Global Warming | 1. Human Population: resource depletion, pandemics, starvation, civil unrest, contamination 2. Nitrogen enrichment 3.Changing land use (human appropriationof productivity)4. Loss of Biodiversity. Extinctions. All are Global in scope & Ecological. |
| Killer Lake Nyos | What killed so many people and cattle? Perhaps there was a volcanic explosion affecting the lake waters, release of CO2, red pigment. Causes of death could be due to asphyxia. |
| Killer Lake Nyos:Monimolimnion | deep, salty, warm, does not mix seasonallyDeep (208 m);Tropical (stable temp;Sheltered;Gas source |
| Solution to Killer Lake Nyos | CO2 Detectors were placed and within the lake, 2 columns were built to 1. release the water & 2. release magma? |
Created by:
clortiz1
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