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Neurology
FA complete review part 3.3 Pathology: Brain cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List of Adult primary brain tumors: | 1. Glioblastoma multiforme 2. Oligodendroglioma 3. Meningioma 4. Hemangioblastoma 5. Pituitary adenoma 6. Schwannoma |
| What is a Grade IV astrocytoma? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| Glioblastoma multiforme is: | Grade IV astrocytoma |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Glioblastoma multiforme? | Adult |
| Common, highly malignant primary brain tumor with ~ 1 year median survival. Dx? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| What is a "common" way to refer to Glioblastoma multiforme? | Butterfly glioma |
| Severe astrocytoma that can cross corpus callosum. Dx? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| - Astrocyte origin, GFAP (+) - "Pseudopalisading" What is the possible brain tumor? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| What is the characteristic of the astrocytes in Glioblastoma multiforme? | GFAP (+); "Pseudopalisading" pleomorphic tumor cells border central aras of necrosis, hemorrhage, and/or microvascular proliferation |
| "Pseudopalisading" pleomorphic tumor cells border central areas of necrosis. Dx? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| What is the main cell proliferation in Glioblastoma multiforme? | Astrocytes |
| What causes Glioblastoma multiforme to adopt the term "butterfly glioma"? | The fact it can cross the corpus callosum, gives it a butterfly appearance |
| Where is a Glioblastoma multiforme most likely found? | Cerebral hemispheres |
| Which primary adult brain tumor is found in the Cerebral hemispheres? | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| Where do most often Oligodendroglioma appear? | Frontal lobe |
| "Chicken-wire" capillary pattern. Brain tumor? | Oligodendroglioma |
| What is origin cell of Oligodendroglioma? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What is the histology of Oligodendrogliomas? | "Fried egg" cells- round nuclei with creal cytoplasm. Often calcified |
| Which adult brain tumor appears in the frontal lobes? | Oligodendroglioma |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Oligodendroglioma? | Adult |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Meningioma? | Adult |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Hemangioblastoma? | Adult |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Pituitary adenoma? | Adult |
| Which adult brain tumor is common, typically benign, more common in females than males? | Meningioma |
| Most common location for Meningioma? | Near surfaces of brain and in parasagittal region |
| Which is brain tumor is often seen with dural attachment? | Meningioma |
| Which tumor is seen with a "tail" attached to the dura? | Meningioma |
| Arachnoid cell origin brain tumor. | Meningioma |
| Histology of a Meningioma: | Spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern; psammoma bodies |
| (+) Psammoma bodies brain tumor | Meningioma |
| Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern; (+) Psammoma bodies. | Meningioma |
| Blood vessel oring adult brain tumor. | Hemangioblastoma |
| Near surfaces fo brain and parasagittal regions. | Meningioma |
| Hemangiomas are most often __________________. | Cerebellar |
| What conditions are associated with Hemangioblastomas? | von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, when found with retinal angiomas |
| What is a possible consequence produced by Hemangioblastomas | Secondary polycythemia |
| How does a Hemangioblastoma cause secondary polycythemia? | It produces Erythropoietin |
| What is the histology found in Hemangioblastomas? | Closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma. |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Schwannoma? | Adult |
| What are the tow types of Pituitary adenoma? | 1. Non-functioning (silent) 2. Hyperfunctioning (hormone producing) |
| What is meant by a Hyperfunctional Pituitary adenoma? | Brain tumor that produces hormones |
| What is the most common hyperfunctional pituitary adenoma? | Prolactinoma |
| What is the hormone consequence of the most common hyperfunctional pituitary adenoma? | Hyperprolactinemia |
| What are rare, hyperfunctional pituitary adenomas? | 1. Adenoma of somatotrophs (GH) --> acromegaly/gigantism 2. Adenoma of corticotrophs (ACTH) --> Cushing disease |
| What mass effect is seen with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas? | Bitemporal hemianopsia, hypopituitarism, and headache |
| What structure is compressed by pituitary adenoma that causes bitemporal hemianopsia? | Optic chiasm |
| The Optic chiasm is often compressed by which adult brain tumor? | Nonfunctional pituitary adenoma |
| What is the normal presentation of Prolactinoma in women? | Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and decreased bone density due to suppression of estrogen. |
| What is the reason for the female clinical symptoms due to a Prolactinoma? | Suppression of estrogen by increased prolactin |
| How is a prolactinoma clinically presented in men? | Low libido and infertility |
| What is the non-surgical treatment of a Pituitary adenoma? | Dopamine agonists |
| Dopamine agonist are used to treat what type of adult brain tumor? | Pituitary adenoma |
| A transsphenoidal resection is a surgical treatment for: | Pituitary adenoma |
| What are common dopamine agonists used in Pituitary adenoma treatment? | Bromocriptine and Cabergoline |
| What is the location for a Schwannoma? | Cerebellopontine angle |
| What brain tumor is commonly found in the Cerebellopontine angle? | Schwannoma |
| What cranial nerves are involved in Schwannoma? | CN VII and VIII |
| Vestibular Schwannoma is localized in: | CN VIII in internal acoustic meatus |
| What brain tumor is located at Internal acoustic meatus? | Vestibular Schwannoma |
| Bilateral Schwannomas are associated with what condition? | NF-2 |
| What is the origin cell for Schwannomas? | Schwann cell |
| What are features that mark or indicate Schwann cell? | S-100 (+), and Biphasic |
| Histology of Schwannoma: | Dense, hypercellular areas containing spindle cells alternating with hypocellular, myxoid areas |
| Histology findings: Dense, hypercellular areas alternating with hypocellular, myxoid areas. | Schwannoma histology |
| S-100 (+). Brain cancer? | Schwannoma |
| List of childhood primary brain tumors: | 1. Pilocytic astrocytoma 2. Medulloblastoma 3. Ependymoma 4. Craniopharyngioma 5. Pinealoma |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Pilocytic astrocytoma? | Childhood |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Medulloblastoma? | Childhood |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Ependymoma? | Childhood |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Craniopharyngioma? | Childhood |
| Adult or Childhood brain tumor: Pinealoma? | Childhood |
| Low-grade astrocytoma in children. | Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| What is the most common primary brain tumor in children? | Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| Where is most often found a Pilocytic astrocytoma? | Posterior fossa (cerebellum) |
| The Posterior fossa (cerebellum) is the most common location for which childhood primary brain tumor? | Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| What is the cell of origin for Pilocytic astrocytoma? | Glial cell |
| GFAP (+). Glial cell oring. Child. Dx? | Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| Histologic findings in Pilocytic astrocytoma: | - Rosenthal fibers - eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers |
| Rosenthal fibers are seen in which childhood brain malignancy? | Pilocytic astrocytoma |
| What is the most malignant primary childhood brain tumor? | Medulloblastoma |
| What is the most common location for a Medulloblastoma? | Cerebellum |
| What structure may be compressed by a Medulloblastoma? | 4th ventricle |
| What is the result of compression to the 4th ventricle by a Medulloblastoma? | Noncommunicating hydrocephalus |
| What type of hydrocephalus is seen in Medulloblastoma? | Noncommunicating hydrocephalus |
| From of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). | Medulloblastoma |
| What are the important histological findings of a Medulloblastoma? | Homer-Wright rosettes, small blue cells |
| Small blue cells found in Medulloblastoma histological view. | Homer-Wright rosettes |
| (+) Homer-Wright rosettes. Dx? | Medulloblastoma |
| "Drop metastases" to spinal cord. | Medulloblastoma |
| What are the symptoms caused by the noncommunicating hydrocephalus often found in Medulloblastoma patients? | Headaches and Papilledema |
| What is the most likely childhood brain tumor that involves or may cause 4th ventricle compression? | Medulloblastoma |
| Where is an ependymoma most likely found? | 4th ventricle |
| An autopsy of a deceased child shows a large mass in the 4th ventricle. Dx? | Ependymoma |
| Ependymoma may cause ---> | Hydrocephalus |
| How is the prognosis of a Ependymoma? | Poor |
| Ependyma cell origin childhood brain tumor. | Ependymoma |
| What is the main histological characteristic of an Ependymoma? | Perivascular pseudorosettes |
| What, histological finding, is seen near the nucleus of Ependymoma cells? | Rod-shaped blepharoplasts |
| What are the Blepharoplasts? | Basal ciliary bodies near the nucleus of ependymal ells |
| Tumor cells arranged radially around a central vessel | Perivascular pseudorosettes |
| What is the most common childhood supratentorial tumor? | Craniopharyngioma |
| A Craniopharyngioma is often mistaken or misdiagnosed with a ___________________. | Pituitary adenoma |
| What complication or symptoms do both, Craniopharyngioma and Pituitary adenoma, cause that may indicate why there are often mistaken by each other? | Bitemporal hemianopsia |
| Which childhood tumor is derived from remnants of Rathke's pouch (ectoderm)? | Craniopharyngioma |
| What is a key or featured histological finding of a Craniopharyngioma? | Cholesterol crystal found in "motor-oil"-like fluid within tumor |
| Cholesterol crystal in what seems to be motor oil fluid. Dx? | Craniopharyngioma |
| What is a Pinealoma? | Childhood brain tumor of pineal gland |
| What is a common consequence of a Pinealoma? | Parinaud syndrome |
| How does a Pinealoma causes Parinaud syndrome? | Compression of tectum which presents with vertical palsy gaze |
| What is Parinaud syndrome? | Compression of tectum leading to vertical gaze palsy |
| List of common compression compilation by a Pinealoma? | 1. Parinaud syndrome 2. Obstructive hydrocephalus 3. Precocious puerbty in males |
| How does a Pinealoma cause Obstructive hydrocephalus? | Compression of cerebral aqueduct |
| The compression of the cerebral aqueduct by a Pinealoma leads to development of: | Obstructive hydrocephalus |
| How does Pinealoma cause precocious puberty in males? | Increase B-hCG production |
| Which childhood primary brain tumor is similar to germ cell tumors? | Pinealoma |
| A testicular seminoma can be said to be the ____________ of the brain tumors. | Pinealoma |
| What are the deficits or symptoms seen with frontal lobe tumors? | 1. One sided paralysis 2. Seizures 3. Defective memory 4. Impaired judgement 5. Personality changes |
| What are the common symptoms seen with Temporal lobe tumors? | - Occasional seizures - Language disorders |
| Brain stem CNS tumors present what common symptoms? | 1. Uncoordinated walk 2. Muscle weakness 3. Difficulty in speech 4. Drowsiness 5. Hearing loss |
| A person with a CNS tumor located in the cerebellum will likely experience the following symptoms: | 1. Vomiting 2. Headache 3. Uncoordinated muscle movement 4. Problems in walking |
| Parietal lobe tumors/cancer will likely present the patient with: | - Seizures - Speech disturbance - Loss ability to write |
| An occipital lobe tumor very likely will present with: | Blindness and seizures |
| One sided paralysis due to CNS tumor, is most likely found in which lobe? | Frontal lobe |
| What is the most common symptom of a Supratentorial tumor? | Symptoms of raised ICP |
| Papilloedema, seizures, raised ICP, and focal neurological deficits, are seen in what type of brain tumors? | Supratentorial tumors |
| Posterior fossa tumours main symptoms are: | Nausea and vomiting |
| Which brain tumors are often seen with Pyramidal signs? | Brain stem tumors |
| What are the top 3 symptoms of Brain stem tumors? | 1. Abnormal gait and coordination difficulties 2. Cranial nerve palsies 3. Pyramidal signs |
| Spinal cord tumors main clinical symptom is: | Back pain |
| What brain tumors are located in the Corpus callosum? | Astrocytoma and Oligodendroglioma |
| Which brain tumors are located in the Cerebral hemisphere? | Astrocytoma, Meningioma, Oligodendroglioma, and Ependymoma. |
| Brain tumors in the ventricles: | Ependymoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, and Subependymoma |
| Where is the common location for a hemangioblastoma? | Cerebellum |
Created by:
rakomi
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