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Pharmacology
Paramedic: Emergency Pharmacology
| Question/Definition | Term/Answer |
|---|---|
| Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration; requires energy to move a substance | Active Transport |
| Agent that enhances the effects of other medications | Adjunct Medication |
| Pertaining to the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine | Adrenergic |
| The force of attraction between a drug and a receptor | Affinity |
| A medication that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response | Agonist |
| A medication that binds to a receptor and causes some of its effects but blocks others (Partial Agonist) | Agonist-Antagonist |
| The absence of the sensation of pain | Analgesia |
| Medication that relieves the sensation of pain | Analgesic |
| The absence of all sensations | Anesthesia |
| Alkalotic compound used to increase the gastric environment’s pH | Antacid |
| A medication that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response | Antagonist |
| Medication used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms | Antiarrhythmic |
| Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria | Antibiotic |
| Medication that inhibits blood clotting | Anticoagulant |
| Medication used to prevent vomiting | Antiemetic |
| Medication that inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, prevents the breakup of fibrin (fibrinolysis), and maintains clot stability | Antifibrinolytic |
| Medication that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors | Antihistamine |
| Medications used to treat high blood cholesterol | Antihyperlipidemic |
| Medication used to treat hypertension | Antihypertensive |
| Medication used to treat cancer | Antineoplastic Agent |
| Medication that decreases the formation of platelet plugs (Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor) | Antiplatelet |
| Medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the central nervous system | Antitussive |
| Determines the strength and purity of a given chemical in a lab | Assay |
| Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside of the central nervous system | Autonomic Ganglia |
| The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Test to ascertain a medication’s availability in a biological model | Bioassay |
| Amount of medication that is still active after it reaches its target tissue | Bioavailability |
| The relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent medications | Bioequivalence |
| Time the body takes to clear one-half of a medication | Biological Half-Life |
| Special name given to the metabolism of medications | Biotransformation |
| Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the CNS vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble medications can pass | Blood-Brain Barrier |
| Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane (facilitated diffusion) | Carrier-Mediated Diffusion |
| Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) | Cholinergic |
| One medication binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another medication from triggering the same receptor | Competitive Antagonism |
| The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | Diffusion |
| An agent that increases urine secretion and elimination of body water; medication used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing the amount of urine | Diuretic |
| Medication packages that contain a single dose for a single patient | Dose Packaging |
| Binding of a medication or hormone to a target cell that causes the number of receptors to decrease | Down-Regulation |
| Correlation of different amounts of a medication to clinical response | Drug-Response Relationship |
| Foreign substances placed in the body | Drugs |
| Length of time the amount of medication remains above its minimum effective concentration | Duration of Action |
| A medication’s ability to cause the expected response | Efficacy |
| Delivery of a mediation through the GI tract | Enteral Route |
| Medication intended to increase the productivity of cough | Expectorant |
| Common side effects of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremors and parkinsonism-like effects | Extrapyramidal Symptoms |
| Medication that acts directly on thrombi to break them down (thrombolytic) | Fibrinolytic |
| Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space; movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure | Filtration |
| The liver’s partial or complete inactivation of a medication before it reaches the systemic circulation | First-Pass Effect |
| Proportion of a medication available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects | Free Drug Availability |
| Substance that increases blood glucose levels | Glucagon |
| the stoppage of bleeding | Hemostasis |
| a substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and also released by basophils that, through constriction and dilation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to injury site and also increases the permeability of vessel walls | Histamine |
| to break down a compound by chemical reaction with water | Hydrolyze |
| Instigation of sleep | Hypnosis |
| A long-term condition of protection from infection or disease; the body’s ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen | Immunity |
| Substance that decreases blood glucose levels | Insulin |
| Become electrically charged or polar | Ionize |
| A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site | Irreversible Antagonism |
| Medication used to decrease stool’s firmness and increase its water content | Laxative |
| Also called “slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis” (SRS-A); substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammation response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis | Leukotrienes |
| Chemicals used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease | Medications |
| The total changes that take place during physiologic processes; the body’s breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals | Metabolism |
| Minimum level of medication needed to cause a given effect | Minimum Effective Concentration |
| Medication intended to make mucus more watery | Mucolytic |
| Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates | Neuroeffector Junction |
| Anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious | Neuroleptanesthesia |
| Antipsychotic (literally, affecting the nerves) | Neuroleptic |
| Nerve cell; cell that transmits electrical impulses | Neuron |
| Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse | Neurotransmitter |
| The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site and prevents an agonist from fitting and binding | Noncompetitive Antagonism |
| The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration | Onset of Action |
| Potent vasodilators used to treat all forms of angina | Organic Nitrates |
| Movement of solvent from an area low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration | Osmosis |
| The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) of the molecule; the loss of electrons from one atom to another | Oxidation |
| Medication or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (anticholinergic) | Parasympatholytic |
| Medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic) | Parasympathomimetic |
| Delivery of a medication outside of the GI tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues | Parenteral Route |
| An exaggerated and harmful immune response; an umbrella term for allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity | Hypersensitivity |
| Movement of a substance without the use of energy | Passive Transport |
| A microorganism capable of producing infection or disease, such as an atom or a virus | Pathogen |
| How a medication interacts with the body to cause its effects | Pharmacodynamics |
| How a medication is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; how medications are transported into and out of the body | Pharmacokinetics |
| The study of drugs and their actions on the body | Pharmacology |
| Biochemical barrier at the maternal-fetal interface that restricts certain molecules | Placental Barrier |
| Described the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the mediation’s minimum effective concentration and toxic levels | Plasma-Level Profile |
| Medication that induces loss of sensation to touch or pain | Anesthetic |
| Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissue | Postganglionic Nerves |
| Nerve fibers that exit the central nervous system and terminate in the autonomic ganglia | Preganglionic Nerves |
| Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites (Parent Drug) | Prodrug |
| Medication that best demonstrates the class’s common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics | Prototype |
| Medications used to treat mental dysfunction | Psychotherapeutic Medications |
| Specialized protein that combines with a medication resulting in a biochemical effect | Receptor |
| Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a medication’s desired effect | Second Messenger |
| State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions | Sedation |
| Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen | Serum |
| Unintended response to a medication | Side Effect |
| Substance that decreases surface tension | Surfactant |
| Medication or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (antiadrenergic) | Sympatholytic |
| Medication or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic) | Sympathomimetic |
| Space between nerve cells | Synapse |
| Medication that may deform or kill a fetus | Teratogenic Drug |
| Time from when the medication’s level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body | Termination of Action |
| Ratio of a medication’s lethal dose for 50% of the population to its effective dose for 50% of the population; a drug's margin of safety | Therapeutic Index |
| When a medication causes the formation of more receptors than usual | Up-Regulation |
| Solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it | Vaccine |
| Decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administration | Tolerance |
| Combined action of 2 drugs. The action of the drug is much stronger than either of the drugs given separately | Synergism |
| Refers to a drugs concentration | Strength |
| A drug that enhances or increases a bodily function | Stimulant |
| Resistant to a treatment or medication | Refractory |
| Enhancement of one drug’s effects by another | Potentiation |
| The amount of drug necessary to produce the desired effect | Potency |
| Medication that decreases or lessens a body function or activity | Depressant |
| 6 Rights of Medication Administration | Medication, Dose, Time, Route, Patient, Documentation |
| This medication name is used to describe a drugs chemical composition and molecular structure | Chemical |
| This medication name is suggested by the manufacturer and is assigned by the US Adopted Name Council; usually lowercase | Generic |
| This medication name is usually the generic name with USP after it; listed in the US Pharmacopeia (USP) | Official |
| This medication name is used to foster brand loyalty; the marketing names (Trade, Proprietary) | Brand |
| Enacted to improve the quality and labeling of drugs; AKA United States Pharmacopeia | Pure Food and Drug Act of 1905 |
| Limited the production and sale of drugs such as opium, cocaine, and their derivatives | Harrison Narcotic Act of 1938 |
| Empowered the FDA to enforce and set premarket safety standards for drugs | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938 |
| Required pharmacists to have a written or verbal prescription from a physician; separated over the counter and prescription drugs | Durham-Humphrey Amendments |
| Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that required pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide proof of the safety and effectiveness of their drugs | Kefauver-Harris Amendment |
| Controlled Substance Act (1970); created Schedules of controlled substances | Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act |
| Schedule of drugs that are completely and totally off limits; high abuse potential (Heroin, LSD, Mescaline) | Schedule I |
| Schedule of drugs that have high abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; accepted medical indications (Opium, Cocaine, Morphine, etc.) | Schedule II |
| Schedule of drugs that may lead to moderate or low physical dependence; accepted medical indications (Acetaminophen with codeine) | Schedule III |
| Schedule of drugs with limited psychological and/or physical dependence; accepted medical indications (Diazepam, Lorazepam, Phenobarbital) | Schedule IV |
| Schedule of drugs with limited physical or psychological dependence; (Limited amounts of opioids; often for cough or diarrhea) | Schedule V |
| Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first or later trimesters | Category A |
| Animals studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women; or studies indicated no risk in 1st or 3rd trimester, but animal studies showed adverse effects | Category B |
| No adequate studies of animals or pregnant women have been done (benefits may be acceptable despite the potential risks) | Category C |
| Fetal risk has been demonstrated. In certain circumstances, benefits could outweigh the risks | Category D |
| Fetal risk has been demonstrated. The risk outweighs any possible benefits to the mother. Avoid using in pregnant or potentially pregnant patients. | Category X |
| What 3 different forms are medications carried in? | Solid, Liquid, Gas |
| What are the 4 actions of drugs? | 1. Bind to a receptor site 2. Change the physical properties of cells 3. Chemically combine with other chemicals 4. Alter normal metabolic pathways |
| A drug effect that is unique to the individual; different than seen or expected in the population in general | Idiosyncrasy |
| Decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administration | Tolerance |
| Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug | Cross Tolerance |
| Rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug; may occur after a single dose | Tachyphylaxis |
| Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses | Cumulative Effect |
| The patient becomes accustomed to the drug’s presence in their body and will suffer from withdrawal symptoms on its absence | Drug Dependence |
| The effect of one drug alters the response to another drug | Drug Interaction |
| The effect of one drug blocks the response to another drug | Drug Antagonism |
| 2 drugs that both have the same effect are given together, analogous to 1 + 1 = 2 (Additive Effect) | Summation |
| 2 drugs that have the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses, analogous to 1 + 1 = 3 | Synergism |
| One drug enhances the effect of another | Potentiation |
| The direct biochemical interaction between two drugs; one drug affects the pharmacology of another drug | Interference |
| This nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord | Central |
| This nervous system controls voluntary (motor) functions | Somatic |
| This nervous system controls involuntary (automatic) functions | Autonomic |
| "Fight or Flight" response system | Sympathetic |
| "Rest and Digest" response system | Parasympathetic |
| Cranial Nerve III | Oculomotor |
| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial |
| Cranial Nerve IX | Glossopharyngeal |
| Cranial Nerve X | Vagus |
| The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction; the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| The postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system | Norepinephrine |
| A type of receptor that releases Norepi from postganglionic nerves during sympathetic stimulation | Adrenergic Receptor |
| Ganglia located in the abdominal cavity that innervate many of the organs of the abdomen | Collateral Ganglia |
| A type of sympathetic ganglia that extends from the neck to the coccyx that delivers information to the body about stress and impending danger; (Paravertebral Ganglia) | Sympathetic Chain Ganglia |
| Phase of FDA drug studies to determine proper dosage; done on healthy individuals | Phase I |
| Phase of FDA drug studies to determine therapeutic drug level; monitor side effects | Phase II |
| Phase of FDA drug studies to refine therapeutic dose (usually double-blind study) | Phase III |
| Phase of FDA drug studies that conducts post-market analysis | Phase IV |
| FDA Number Classification for new molecular drugs | 1 |
| FDA Number Classification for new salt of a marketed drug | 2 |
| FDA Number Classification for new formulation or dosage form not previously marketed | 3 |
| FDA Number Classification for new combination not previously marketed | 4 |
| FDA Number Classification for a drug that is already on the market, a generic duplication | 5 |
| FDA Number Classification for a product already marketed by the same company (new indications for a marketed drug) | 6 |
| FDA Number Classification for a drug product on the market without an approval NDA (drug was marketed prior to 1938) | 7 |
| FDA Letter Classification for a drug that offers as an important therapeutic gain (P-Priority) | A |
| FDA Letter Classification for a drug that is similar to drugs already on the market (S-Priority) | B |
| FDA Other Classification for drugs indicated for AIDS or HIV related diseases | A |
| FDA Other Classification for drugs developed to treat life-threatening or severely debilitating illness | B |
| FDA Other Classification for Orphan Drugs | C |
| Secreted from juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys; Reacts with angiotensinogen which is secreted from the liver | Renin |
| Formed when Renin and Angiotensin meet; No specific function but serves as precursor to Angiotensin II; When it reaches pulmonary circulation, it is converted to Angiotensin II by ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) | Angiotensin I |
| Serves as an endocrine hormone and causes peripheral vasoconstriction; Binds to kidneys and promotes secretion of aldosterone | Angiotensin II |
| Hormone produced by the adrenal glands; Signals the kidneys and colon to reabsorb more Na+ and water to increase blood volume | Aldosterone |
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