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Pathophysiology
Paramedic: Pathophysiology
Question/Definition | Term/Answer |
---|---|
Aged from 0-1 months old | Neonate |
Aged from 1 month 0 to 1 year old | Infant |
A child between the ages of 1-3 years old | Toddler |
A child between the ages of 3-5 years old | Preschooler |
A child between the ages of 6-12 years old | School-age |
A child between the ages of 13-18 years old | Adolescent |
What is the most abundant Intracellular Cation? | Potassium (K+) |
What is the most abundant Extracellular Cation? | Sodium (Na) |
An ion with a negative charge | Anion |
An ion with a positive charge | Cation |
Provides cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
A dynamic steady state which is the attempt of the body to return things to normal | Homeostasis |
Inadequate perfusion of body tissues (aka hypoperfusion) | Shock |
Early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion | Compensated Shock |
Advanced stages of shock when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion; also called progressive shock | Decompensated Shock |
Shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable | Irreversible Shock |
Abnormal distribution and return of blood resulting from vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both. | Distributive Shock |
A rapid, severe, and life-threatening type of distributive shock that develops due to a foreign substance (antigen) provoking an exaggerated response by the immune system | Anaphylactic Shock |
A type of distributive shock that occurs after an infection enters the bloodstream and is carried throughout the body | Septic Shock |
A type of distributive shock that results from an injury to the brain or spinal cord that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia | Neurogenic Shock |
Shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body | Cardiogenic Shock |
Shock caused by a loss of intravascular fluid volume | Hypovolemic Shock |
A type of shock caused by an obstruction that interferes with return of blood to the heart, such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax | Obstructive Shock |
What is the universal donor blood type? | O negative |
What is the universal recipient blood type? | AB positive |
The type of white blood cell that, in response to the presence of an antigen, produces antibodies that attack the antigen, develop a memory for the antigen, and confer long term immunity to the antigen | B lymphocytes |
Attack pathogens directly and create temporary immunity; travel through the thymus | T lymphocytes |
The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy | Simple Diffusion |
Process that does not use energy in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of carrier or channel proteins | Facilitated Diffusion |
The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration | Osmosis |
A type of diffusion that uses energy to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the osmotic gradient | Active Transport |
A decrease in the cell size; cell shrinkage | Atrophy |
An increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload | Hypertrophy |
Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue | Metaplasia |
A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor; abnormal or disordered growth in a cell | Dysplasia |
The abnormal shift of fluid to the interstitial space and tissues that cannot contribute to intracellular and extracellular fluid equilibrium | Third Spacing |
This compartment contains all the fluid found inside body cells and is where 70% of all body water is found | Intracellular |
This compartment is found outside of the body cells and is divided into 2 divisions | Extracellular |
One of the extracellular divisions in which fluid is found outside of the cells, but within the circulatory system | Intravascular |
One of the extracellular divisions in which fluid in body tissues is found outside of the cell membranes and outside of the circulatory system | Interstitial |
Occurs when the respiratory system cannot effectively eliminate all the carbon dioxide | Respiratory Acidosis |
Occurs when the respiratory system eliminates too much carbon dioxide | Respiratory Alkalosis |
Acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism; a deficiency of bicarbonate | Metabolic Acidosis |
Results from an increase in bicarbonate levels or a decrease in circulating acids; usually caused by excessive vomiting | Metabolic Alkalosis |
What is the pH range of the body? | 7.35-7.45 |
What is the ETCO2 range? | 35-45 |
What is the HCO3 range? | 22-26 |
What does pH measure? | The acidity of an element based on the number of Hydrogen ions it contains; the greater the number of Hydrogen ions, the higher the acidity |
What is the fastest buffer system? | Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
Regulates the pH of blood; buffers changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in extracellular fluid (ECF) | Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System |
What is the slowest buffer system? | Phosphate buffer system |
System that stabilizes the pH of urine | Phosphate Buffer System |
What is Carbonic Acid? | A mixture of Carbon Dioxide and Water |
An intravenous solution containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes | Colloid |
An intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks larger proteins | Crystalloid |
A state in which a solution has a higher concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side; having a greater concentration of solute molecules | Hypertonic |
A state in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side; having a lesser concentration of solute molecules | Hypotonic |
A state in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentrations; equal in concentration of solute molecules | Isotonic |
What type of solutions are Normal Saline and Lactated Ringer's? | Isotonic Crystalloids |
The least-concentrated immunoglobulin in the circulation; The principle antibody that contributes to allergic and anaphylactic reactions and to the prevention of parasitic infections | IgE |
Small mobile cells found in the connective tissues that release chemicals as part of the body’s defense system | Mast Cells |
What roles do IgE and Mast Cells play during an allergic reaction? | 1. On first exposure to an antigen, B cells produce IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells 2. On re-exposure, the antigen binds to IgE receptors on the mast cells and causes degranulation, releases histamine, and triggers an inflammatory response |
A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action | Hormones |
Of sudden onset | Acute |
Slow in onset, persisting over a long period of time | Chronic |
A disease that results from a medical treatment given for another disease or condition | Iatrogenic |
A disease that has an unknown cause | Idiopathic |
a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons | Ion |
A high concentration of hydrogen ions; a substance that gives up protons during chemical reactions | Acid |
A low concentration of hydrogen ions; a substance that gains protons during chemical reactions | Base |
A process by which substances can enter a cell when a section of the cell's plasma membrane encircles the substance, then pinches off into a vesicle that is released into the cell | Endocytosis |
A process by which substances can exit a cell after being encircled by a membrane vesicle | Exocytosis |
The process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid carrying dissolved substances | Pinocytosis |
The process whereby a cell engulfs large particles or bacteria | Phagocytosis |
An isotonic electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water | Normal Saline |
An isotonic electrolyte solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate in water | Lactated Ringer's |
What percentage of the human body is water? | 60% |
The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to "pull" water from the other side of the membrane | Osmotic Pressure |
A form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma; in the capillaries, the plasma colloids pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane and into the capillary | Oncotic Force |
Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat; forces water out of the capillaries and into the interstitial space | Hydrostatic Pressure |
Cell death | Necrosis |
Preprogrammed cellular death; a response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy it; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells | Apoptosis |
Red blood cells; make up 99% of blood cells; make up 45% of total blood volume | Erythrocytes |
White blood cells; responsible for immunity and fighting infections | Leukocytes |
Platelets | Thrombocytes |
The percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes | Hematocrit |
The liquid portion of blood; made up of 92% water | Plasma |
Does not require the use of oxygen | Anaerobic Metabolism |
Requires the use of oxygen | Aerobic Metabolism |
What type of tissue is blood? | Connective |
What are the 4 types of tissues? | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? | 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac |
Uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth | Neoplasia |
What are the 3 components of the perfusion triangle? | 1. The pump (heart) 2. The fluid (blood) 3. The container (blood vessels) |
The amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole (when the heart fills with blood between contractions) | Preload |
The resistance against which the ventricle must contract in order to eject blood from the heart | Afterload |
The amount of blood pumped in 1 minute; can be calculated by Stroke volume x Heart rate | Cardiac Output |
This temporary system develops quickly and is nonspecific (attacking all unwanted substances in the same way), leading to healing; the body's response to cellular injury | Inflammatory system |
This system develops slowly and provides specific, long-term protection from infection or disease; the body's ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen | Immune System |
A compound which is released by mast cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. | Histamine |
The process by which mast cells empty granules into the extracellular environment in response to physical injury, such as trauma, chemical agents, such as toxins, or immunologic and direct processes, such as allergic reactions | Degranulation |
A protein involved in blood clotting | Fibrin |
Good stress | Eustress |
Bad stress | Distress |
The performance of a legal act that is harmful; example being an intubation tube placed in the esophagus, fails to confirm tube, and leaves the tube in place | Misfeasance |
The event that begins the transformation from normal tissue to cancer is: | Initiation |
Cells that engulf damaged cells | Macrophages |
A high energy compound present in all cells that when split yields energy | ATP |
Adipose tissue is composed of | Fat |
A marker on the surface of the cell that identifies it as "self" or "non-self" | Antigen |
Not cancerous, not able to spread to other tissues | Benign |
The removal of dead cells principally through phagocytosis | Debridement |
Circulating hormones controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (epi and norepi) that affect cardiac contractile strength | Catecholamines |
Proteins that are the main component of connective tissue | Collagen |
This is referred to as the "stress hormone" | Cortisol |
The thick fluid that fills the cell | Cytoplasm |
A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus | Electron |
Atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons in their outer shell that cause damage | Free Radicals |
Attracted to water is defined | Hydrophilic |
A decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood | Hypoxemia |
A bond that holds amino acids together; formed when 2 amino acid molecules join and a molecule of water is released | Peptide Bond |
A class of lipids that form the membrane that surrounds cells | Phospholipids |
An unequal covalent bond | Polar Bond |
A positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom | Proton |
A foreign protein capable of producing fever | Pyrogen |
A chemical similar to DNA that serves as a template for protein synthesis | RNA |
The human somatic cell nucleus contains how many chromosomes? | 46 |
D5W is what type of solution? | Hypotonic |
60% of your total body weight is from? | Water |
Too little sodium in the body | Hyponatremia |
Too much potassium in the blood | Hyperkalemia |
The second phase of glucose metabolism that requires the use of oxygen | Citric Acid Cycle |
This portion of the cell serves as the "garbage disposal" and removes worn out parts | Lysosomes |
C6H12O6 is what molecule? | Glucose |
An alternative pathway to breakdown glucose when oxygen is unavailable | Fermentation |
A process that begins the conversion of glucose into energy without the use of oxygen; The first stage of cellular respiration | Glycolysis |
Connect bone to bone | Ligaments |
Connect muscle to bone | Tendons |
Stimulation of B1 receptors would have what effect on heart rate? | Increase |
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom | Mass Number |
The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | Atomic Number |
What 2009 publication changed the standards for education for EMS? | National Emergency Medical Services Education Standards: Paramedic Instructional Guidelines |
Blood and body fluid precautions designed to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens | Standard Precautions |
The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations | Epidemiology |
A type of research that describes phenomena in words | Qualitative |
A type of research that describes phenomena in numbers | Quantitative |
Exemption from legal liability | Immunity |
The meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text | Semantics |
The study of disease causes | Etiology |
Assumption disease will follow prescribed course | Diagnosis |
Specific constellation of signs and symptoms | Syndrome |
A group of tissues functioning together | Organ |
A group of organ systems functioning together | Organism |
Organisms of the same species that reside in a distinct geographic area | Population |
Obesity is classified as which type of predisposing factor? | Lifestyle |
The sequence of events that lead to the development of a disease | Pathogenesis |
Sequelae of a disease or injury | Complications |
Diabetes is a disease that is classified as | Metabolic |
The fundamental chemical unit is the | Atom |
The chemical notation for sodium chloride | NaCl |
Chemicals that do not contain carbon, were never living | Inorganic |
the breakdown of glycogen into glucose | Glycogenolysis |
The nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for life | DNA |
The synthesis of steroid compounds by the body | Anabolism |
The basic structural unit of all plants and animals | Cell |
The membrane of a cell allows certain substances to pass from one side to another but does not allow other substances to pass | Semipermeable |
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane | Osmotic Gradient |
The total amount of water lost from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space | Net Filtration |
An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload | Hyperplasia |
The innermost germ cell layer | Endoderm |
The tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body | Epithelial |
These tissues are not directly attached to one other | Connective |
The most abundant cell type found in connective tissue | Fibroblast |
Structures that perform specific functions within a cell | Organelles |
Hormones released into the bloodstream | Endocrine |
Secrete products through a duct that opens into an organ or outside the body | Exocrine |
The study of disease | Pathophysiology |
Medical science that deals with all aspects of disease | Pathology |
A physician who specializes in pathology | Pathologist |
Factors that influence disease and risk; include age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, and environment | Predisposing Factors |
A sequence of events that lead to disease development | Pathogenesis |
Manifestation of a disease | Clinical Presentation |
Simple chemicals combined to form larger, more complex chemicals, leading to self-replication of those chemicals | Chemical Evolution |
Simplest substance; cannot be broken down further | Element |
Element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons | Isotope |
Outermost orbital of an atom, contains valence electrons | Valence Shell |
Surrounds nucleus, contains orbit path for electrons | Orbital |
Gas with a completely full valence shell; very stable | Noble Gas |
Isotope with an unstable nucleus; nuclei break down and emit radiation | Radioactive Isotope |
Atomic bond where electrons are shared between atoms | Covalent Bond |
Bonds form between atoms of opposite (positive/negative) charges | Ionic Bond |
Bonding between water molecules; gives water its unique properties | Hydrogen Bond |
Chemicals that do contain carbon, were part of a living organism | Organic |
Simple sugar | Monosaccharide |
Complex sugar | Disaccharide |
Molecules that contain long chains of monosaccharides | Polysaccharide |
Basic building block of the cell, function to grow and repair living tissues | Protein |
Protein chain of less than 10 amino acids | Peptide |
Protein chain of more than 10 amino acids | Polypeptide |
Substance that binds to enzyme forming a complex | Substrate |
Protein that speeds up chemical reactions | Enzyme |
Non-polar chemicals that do not dissolve in water. Long term energy storage | Lipids |
An abnormal structural or functional change within the body | Disease |
A tumor as a result of neoplasia | Neoplasm |