Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Pathophysiology

Paramedic: Pathophysiology

Question/DefinitionTerm/Answer
Aged from 0-1 months old Neonate
Aged from 1 month 0 to 1 year old Infant
A child between the ages of 1-3 years old Toddler
A child between the ages of 3-5 years old Preschooler
A child between the ages of 6-12 years old School-age
A child between the ages of 13-18 years old Adolescent
What is the most abundant Intracellular Cation? Potassium (K+)
What is the most abundant Extracellular Cation? Sodium (Na)
An ion with a negative charge Anion
An ion with a positive charge Cation
Provides cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration Mitochondria
A dynamic steady state which is the attempt of the body to return things to normal Homeostasis
Inadequate perfusion of body tissues (aka hypoperfusion) Shock
Early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion Compensated Shock
Advanced stages of shock when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion; also called progressive shock Decompensated Shock
Shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable Irreversible Shock
Abnormal distribution and return of blood resulting from vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both. Distributive Shock
A rapid, severe, and life-threatening type of distributive shock that develops due to a foreign substance (antigen) provoking an exaggerated response by the immune system Anaphylactic Shock
A type of distributive shock that occurs after an infection enters the bloodstream and is carried throughout the body Septic Shock
A type of distributive shock that results from an injury to the brain or spinal cord that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia Neurogenic Shock
Shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body Cardiogenic Shock
Shock caused by a loss of intravascular fluid volume Hypovolemic Shock
A type of shock caused by an obstruction that interferes with return of blood to the heart, such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax Obstructive Shock
What is the universal donor blood type? O negative
What is the universal recipient blood type? AB positive
The type of white blood cell that, in response to the presence of an antigen, produces antibodies that attack the antigen, develop a memory for the antigen, and confer long term immunity to the antigen B lymphocytes
Attack pathogens directly and create temporary immunity; travel through the thymus T lymphocytes
The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy Simple Diffusion
Process that does not use energy in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of carrier or channel proteins Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration Osmosis
A type of diffusion that uses energy to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the osmotic gradient Active Transport
A decrease in the cell size; cell shrinkage Atrophy
An increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload Hypertrophy
Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue Metaplasia
A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor; abnormal or disordered growth in a cell Dysplasia
The abnormal shift of fluid to the interstitial space and tissues that cannot contribute to intracellular and extracellular fluid equilibrium Third Spacing
This compartment contains all the fluid found inside body cells and is where 70% of all body water is found Intracellular
This compartment is found outside of the body cells and is divided into 2 divisions Extracellular
One of the extracellular divisions in which fluid is found outside of the cells, but within the circulatory system Intravascular
One of the extracellular divisions in which fluid in body tissues is found outside of the cell membranes and outside of the circulatory system Interstitial
Occurs when the respiratory system cannot effectively eliminate all the carbon dioxide Respiratory Acidosis
Occurs when the respiratory system eliminates too much carbon dioxide Respiratory Alkalosis
Acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism; a deficiency of bicarbonate Metabolic Acidosis
Results from an increase in bicarbonate levels or a decrease in circulating acids; usually caused by excessive vomiting Metabolic Alkalosis
What is the pH range of the body? 7.35-7.45
What is the ETCO2 range? 35-45
What is the HCO3 range? 22-26
What does pH measure? The acidity of an element based on the number of Hydrogen ions it contains; the greater the number of Hydrogen ions, the higher the acidity
What is the fastest buffer system? Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Regulates the pH of blood; buffers changes in pH caused by organic acids and fixed acids in extracellular fluid (ECF) Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
What is the slowest buffer system? Phosphate buffer system
System that stabilizes the pH of urine Phosphate Buffer System
What is Carbonic Acid? A mixture of Carbon Dioxide and Water
An intravenous solution containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes Colloid
An intravenous solution that contains electrolytes but lacks larger proteins Crystalloid
A state in which a solution has a higher concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side; having a greater concentration of solute molecules Hypertonic
A state in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side; having a lesser concentration of solute molecules Hypotonic
A state in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentrations; equal in concentration of solute molecules Isotonic
What type of solutions are Normal Saline and Lactated Ringer's? Isotonic Crystalloids
The least-concentrated immunoglobulin in the circulation; The principle antibody that contributes to allergic and anaphylactic reactions and to the prevention of parasitic infections IgE
Small mobile cells found in the connective tissues that release chemicals as part of the body’s defense system Mast Cells
What roles do IgE and Mast Cells play during an allergic reaction? 1. On first exposure to an antigen, B cells produce IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells 2. On re-exposure, the antigen binds to IgE receptors on the mast cells and causes degranulation, releases histamine, and triggers an inflammatory response
A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action Hormones
Of sudden onset Acute
Slow in onset, persisting over a long period of time Chronic
A disease that results from a medical treatment given for another disease or condition Iatrogenic
A disease that has an unknown cause Idiopathic
a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons Ion
A high concentration of hydrogen ions; a substance that gives up protons during chemical reactions Acid
A low concentration of hydrogen ions; a substance that gains protons during chemical reactions Base
A process by which substances can enter a cell when a section of the cell's plasma membrane encircles the substance, then pinches off into a vesicle that is released into the cell Endocytosis
A process by which substances can exit a cell after being encircled by a membrane vesicle Exocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid carrying dissolved substances Pinocytosis
The process whereby a cell engulfs large particles or bacteria Phagocytosis
An isotonic electrolyte solution of sodium chloride in water Normal Saline
An isotonic electrolyte solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate in water Lactated Ringer's
What percentage of the human body is water? 60%
The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to "pull" water from the other side of the membrane Osmotic Pressure
A form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma; in the capillaries, the plasma colloids pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane and into the capillary Oncotic Force
Blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat; forces water out of the capillaries and into the interstitial space Hydrostatic Pressure
Cell death Necrosis
Preprogrammed cellular death; a response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy it; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells Apoptosis
Red blood cells; make up 99% of blood cells; make up 45% of total blood volume Erythrocytes
White blood cells; responsible for immunity and fighting infections Leukocytes
Platelets Thrombocytes
The percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes Hematocrit
The liquid portion of blood; made up of 92% water Plasma
Does not require the use of oxygen Anaerobic Metabolism
Requires the use of oxygen Aerobic Metabolism
What type of tissue is blood? Connective
What are the 4 types of tissues? 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac
Uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth Neoplasia
What are the 3 components of the perfusion triangle? 1. The pump (heart) 2. The fluid (blood) 3. The container (blood vessels)
The amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole (when the heart fills with blood between contractions) Preload
The resistance against which the ventricle must contract in order to eject blood from the heart Afterload
The amount of blood pumped in 1 minute; can be calculated by Stroke volume x Heart rate Cardiac Output
This temporary system develops quickly and is nonspecific (attacking all unwanted substances in the same way), leading to healing; the body's response to cellular injury Inflammatory system
This system develops slowly and provides specific, long-term protection from infection or disease; the body's ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen Immune System
A compound which is released by mast cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. Histamine
The process by which mast cells empty granules into the extracellular environment in response to physical injury, such as trauma, chemical agents, such as toxins, or immunologic and direct processes, such as allergic reactions Degranulation
A protein involved in blood clotting Fibrin
Good stress Eustress
Bad stress Distress
The performance of a legal act that is harmful; example being an intubation tube placed in the esophagus, fails to confirm tube, and leaves the tube in place Misfeasance
The event that begins the transformation from normal tissue to cancer is: Initiation
Cells that engulf damaged cells Macrophages
A high energy compound present in all cells that when split yields energy ATP
Adipose tissue is composed of Fat
A marker on the surface of the cell that identifies it as "self" or "non-self" Antigen
Not cancerous, not able to spread to other tissues Benign
The removal of dead cells principally through phagocytosis Debridement
Circulating hormones controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (epi and norepi) that affect cardiac contractile strength Catecholamines
Proteins that are the main component of connective tissue Collagen
This is referred to as the "stress hormone" Cortisol
The thick fluid that fills the cell Cytoplasm
A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus Electron
Atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons in their outer shell that cause damage Free Radicals
Attracted to water is defined Hydrophilic
A decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood Hypoxemia
A bond that holds amino acids together; formed when 2 amino acid molecules join and a molecule of water is released Peptide Bond
A class of lipids that form the membrane that surrounds cells Phospholipids
An unequal covalent bond Polar Bond
A positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom Proton
A foreign protein capable of producing fever Pyrogen
A chemical similar to DNA that serves as a template for protein synthesis RNA
The human somatic cell nucleus contains how many chromosomes? 46
D5W is what type of solution? Hypotonic
60% of your total body weight is from? Water
Too little sodium in the body Hyponatremia
Too much potassium in the blood Hyperkalemia
The second phase of glucose metabolism that requires the use of oxygen Citric Acid Cycle
This portion of the cell serves as the "garbage disposal" and removes worn out parts Lysosomes
C6H12O6 is what molecule? Glucose
An alternative pathway to breakdown glucose when oxygen is unavailable Fermentation
A process that begins the conversion of glucose into energy without the use of oxygen; The first stage of cellular respiration Glycolysis
Connect bone to bone Ligaments
Connect muscle to bone Tendons
Stimulation of B1 receptors would have what effect on heart rate? Increase
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Mass Number
The total number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Atomic Number
What 2009 publication changed the standards for education for EMS? National Emergency Medical Services Education Standards: Paramedic Instructional Guidelines
Blood and body fluid precautions designed to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens Standard Precautions
The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations Epidemiology
A type of research that describes phenomena in words Qualitative
A type of research that describes phenomena in numbers Quantitative
Exemption from legal liability Immunity
The meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text Semantics
The study of disease causes Etiology
Assumption disease will follow prescribed course Diagnosis
Specific constellation of signs and symptoms Syndrome
A group of tissues functioning together Organ
A group of organ systems functioning together Organism
Organisms of the same species that reside in a distinct geographic area Population
Obesity is classified as which type of predisposing factor? Lifestyle
The sequence of events that lead to the development of a disease Pathogenesis
Sequelae of a disease or injury Complications
Diabetes is a disease that is classified as Metabolic
The fundamental chemical unit is the Atom
The chemical notation for sodium chloride NaCl
Chemicals that do not contain carbon, were never living Inorganic
the breakdown of glycogen into glucose Glycogenolysis
The nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for life DNA
The synthesis of steroid compounds by the body Anabolism
The basic structural unit of all plants and animals Cell
The membrane of a cell allows certain substances to pass from one side to another but does not allow other substances to pass Semipermeable
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane Osmotic Gradient
The total amount of water lost from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space Net Filtration
An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload Hyperplasia
The innermost germ cell layer Endoderm
The tissue that lines internal and external body surfaces and protects the body Epithelial
These tissues are not directly attached to one other Connective
The most abundant cell type found in connective tissue Fibroblast
Structures that perform specific functions within a cell Organelles
Hormones released into the bloodstream Endocrine
Secrete products through a duct that opens into an organ or outside the body Exocrine
The study of disease Pathophysiology
Medical science that deals with all aspects of disease Pathology
A physician who specializes in pathology Pathologist
Factors that influence disease and risk; include age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, and environment Predisposing Factors
A sequence of events that lead to disease development Pathogenesis
Manifestation of a disease Clinical Presentation
Simple chemicals combined to form larger, more complex chemicals, leading to self-replication of those chemicals Chemical Evolution
Simplest substance; cannot be broken down further Element
Element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons Isotope
Outermost orbital of an atom, contains valence electrons Valence Shell
Surrounds nucleus, contains orbit path for electrons Orbital
Gas with a completely full valence shell; very stable Noble Gas
Isotope with an unstable nucleus; nuclei break down and emit radiation Radioactive Isotope
Atomic bond where electrons are shared between atoms Covalent Bond
Bonds form between atoms of opposite (positive/negative) charges Ionic Bond
Bonding between water molecules; gives water its unique properties Hydrogen Bond
Chemicals that do contain carbon, were part of a living organism Organic
Simple sugar Monosaccharide
Complex sugar Disaccharide
Molecules that contain long chains of monosaccharides Polysaccharide
Basic building block of the cell, function to grow and repair living tissues Protein
Protein chain of less than 10 amino acids Peptide
Protein chain of more than 10 amino acids Polypeptide
Substance that binds to enzyme forming a complex Substrate
Protein that speeds up chemical reactions Enzyme
Non-polar chemicals that do not dissolve in water. Long term energy storage Lipids
An abnormal structural or functional change within the body Disease
A tumor as a result of neoplasia Neoplasm
Created by: sarah.thomas32
Popular Paramedic/EMT sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards