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UCF biology
biology 2010 final UCF
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| eukaryotes consist of | plants, animals, fungi, protista |
| prokaryotes consist of | bacteria |
| prokaryotes lack: | organelles |
| eukaryotes have a ______ bound nucleus | membrane |
| eukaryotes have ________ stranded DNA | double |
| prokaryotes have ______ stranded DNA | single |
| what is the organelle that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? | ribosomes |
| fats consist of: | CH |
| carbohydrates consist of | CHO |
| amino acids/proteins consist of | CHON |
| nucleic acids consist of | CHONP |
| functional groups: | Hydroxyl: OH Phosphate: PO4 Amino: NH2 Carboxyl: COOH Carbonyl: CO Sulfhydryl: SH |
| what denotes the bonding capacity of an atom? | valence |
| number of electrons needed to fill the outer shell? | valence |
| the number of unpaired electrons in the outermost orbital | valence electrons |
| electrons are shared in ______ bonds | covalent |
| in _____ bonds one hogs the electrons | polar |
| in nonpolar bonds, electrons are _____ | shared |
| ____ bonds involve the transfer of electrons | ionic |
| charged atoms are called _____ | ions |
| what pulls electrons toward it a higher percentage of the time? | electronegativity |
| what bonds are weak and formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule? | hydrogen bonds |
| the primary structure of proteins is | proteins unique sequence of amino acids |
| the secondary structure of proteins is | repeatedly coiled or folded beta pleated, alpha helix hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | 3D shape |
| quaternary structure | more than one polypeptide chain |
| what IS protein denaturation? | protein unravels becomes inactive |
| what CAUSES protein denaturation? | protein structure is destroyed/has problem |
| what is the nucleus composed of? | nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromatin |
| what does the nuclear envelope enclose? | nucleus (separates its contents from the cytoplasm) |
| ____ is a nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes, more than one can be found in a cel | nucleolus |
| what is chomatin? | DNA/chromosomes |
| ____ is a network of membranous sacs and tubes | ER |
| this is active in membrane synthesis and has rough and smooth regions | ER |
| where are ribosomes found? | ROUGH ER |
| region where the cells microtubes are initiated (microtubule organizing center) | centrosome |
| reinforces cell's shape and functions in cell movement | cytoskeleton |
| what is the cytoskeleton made of? | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| what detoxifys substances into H2O? | peroxisomes |
| ____ contain enzymes to digest food and wastes | lysosomes |
| "suicide sack" of cells, kills germs, and maintains nervous system lining | lysosomes |
| what is Tay-Sach's disease caused from? | lysosome malfunction |
| sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains | ribosomes |
| where cellular respiration occurs and where most ATP is generated | mitochondria |
| manufacturs products, sorts, and ships cell products transported in vesicles from ER | golgi |
| penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions | integral proteins |
| not embeded in the lipid bilayer. loosely bound to the surgace of the membrane | peripheral proteins |
| hypotonic | more water (H2O hypO) |
| hypertonic | more solute |
| isotonic | equal water and solute |
| uses protein channel to pull large, hydrophilic molecules through | facilitated diffusion |
| the diffusion of water through a membrane | osmosis |
| uniport | one substance in one direction |
| symport | two substance in one direction |
| antiport | two substance in opposite directions |
| what does active transport require? | ATP |
| which transport goes from low to high? | active transport |
| which transport forces things against the concentration gradient? | active transport |
| which transport flows with the concentration gradient? | passive transport |
| which transport flows from high to low? | passive transport |
| function of gap junctions is to | communicate between cells and allow tiny molecules to pass through |
| function of tight junctions? | block, prevent leakages of fluid |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of solid particles SOLID |
| pinocytosis | ingestion of liquid particles LIQUID |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | receptors on the cell bind substances and ingest them |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy is not created or destroyed |
| second law of thermydynamics | entropy/disorder ncreased |
| catabolic reactiions | break things down |
| anabolic reactions | build things, use ADP and Pi to make ATP (endergonic) |
| endergonic reactions require ____ of energy | input |
| exergonic reactions ___ energy | release |
| what is free energy? | delta G. amount of energy available in a system to perform work |
| what is the energy carrier of the cell | ATP |
| what are enzymes and what do they do? | enzymes are catalysts and they stimulate reactions |
| what is the active site of an anzyme | restricted region of the enzyme where the substrate binds |
| difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition | competitive inhibition- inhibitors mimic substrate, competing for active site noncompetitive inhibition- inhibitor binds to enzyme, changes shape of active site |
| end product of a metabolic pathway. switches off the process by blocking the active site | negative feedback |
| a substrate with a phosphate group joins its phosphate to ADP with an enzyme's help | substrate level phosphorylation |
| oxidative phosphorylation produces? | ATP derived from redox reactions |
| what is oxidized to yield energy in cellular respiration? | glucose |
| where is H2O produced as a waste product in cellular respiration? | The ETC |
| what does the ETC yield | 36 or 28 ATP and O2 as waste product |
| where do light reactions take place? | thylakoids of chloroplast |
| what do light reactions produce? | O2 |
| where do dark reactions take place? | stroma |
| what do dark reactions produce | sugar (CH20) |
| why are plants green? | they absorb violet-blue and red and reflect green light |
| cell cycle. shortest, mitosis or division | M |
| cell cycle. first growth phase of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. makes proteins and replicates organelles | G1 |
| cell cycle. copies chromosomes/replicates DNA | S |
| second growth phase of cell cycle, portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. inventory of errors | G2 |
| cell cycle. what occurs between G2 and G1? | checkpoints within the cell |
| cell cycle. where is the restriction point? | G1 |
| which cells never divide? | nerve and muscle |
| division of somatic cells chromosome number does NOT change consists of four phases (PMAT) | mitosis |
| chromatin condenses mitotic spindle begins to form nucleus and nucleolus are still intact chromosomes move toward the center of the cell | prophase |
| spindle is complete chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate | metaphase |
| chromatids of each chromosome have separated daughter chromosomes are moving to poles of cell | anaphase |
| daughter nuclei are forming cytokinesis has begun chromosome becomes less condensed | telophase |
| division of sex cells consists of meiosis I and meiosis II cell goes from diploid to haploid | meoisis |
| ___ is the point where the chromosomes cross over | chiasma |
| ____ the number of chromosomes in meiosis one and _____ the chromosomes in meiosis II | reduce, divide |
| ratio for dihybrid crosses if BOTH parents are heterozygous for BOTH traits | 9:3:3:1 (nine dominant for both, three dominant for one recessive for other, three recessive for one dominant for other, one recessive for both) |
| complete dominance | one allele expressed over other |
| codominance | both alleles are expressed in some way (i.e spotted snapdragon) |
| incomplete dominance | neither allele is fully expressed (i.e pink snapdragon) |
| pleitrophy | one gene affects many phenotypic characteristics |
| polygenetic inheritance | many genes influence one phenotypic characteristic |
| blood types: type A type B Type AB Type O RH+ RH- | type A: AA or AO type B: BB or Bo type AB:AB type O:OO RH+:+/+ or +/- RH-:-/- |
| jacobs syndrome | not bad. normal male ends up being XYY |
| turner's syndrome | also called monosomy X produces XO females sterile only known in monosomy humans |
| kleinfelter's syndrom | extra X chromosome in male XXY occurs due to nondisjunction where homologues don't move apart properly during meiosis I or chromatids don't separate properly in meiosis II |
| fragile X syndrome | part of chromosome breaks off most common cause of retardation slows development |
| deletion | part of a chromosome segment is removed |
| duplication | section of chromosome is repeated |
| inversion | segment within the chromosome is reversed |
| translocation | segment of one chromosome is moved to a nonhomologous one can be reciprocal where they swap or nonreciprocal where one gives a segment but does not get one in return |
| genomic imprinting | phenotype caries based on whether you reveiced the trait from your mom or dad |
| what are the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions? | large population population is isolated mutations do not alter gene pool mating is random equal reproductive success |
| what is allele frequency? | usually expressed as a proportion or percentage p,q |
| what is genotype frequency? | p2 2pq q2 |
| what is a gene pool? | the aggregate of genes n a population of all the alleles in all the individuals in a population available to be inherited by the next generation |
| what is genetic drift? | change in the gene pool of small populations due to chance |
| bottleneck effect | a genetic drift attributed to colonization of an area by limited number of individuals from the parent population |
| DNA replication | helicase unwinds the double helix ss binding protein holds double helix apart topoisomerase prevents over winding primase synthesizes an RNA primer DNA polymerase III synthesizes nucleotides DNA polymerase I RNA primer to DNA DNA ligase connects Ok. |
| where does DNA rep take place? | nucleus |
| tRNA | anticodon acts as an interpreter between nucleic acids and protein language |
| mRNA | codon specifies the primary structure of a protein |
| nucleotide | nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group |
| exon | coding region in DNA |
| intron | non coding region in DNA ONLY eukaryotes have them |
| transcription consists of: | initiation: synthesis of RNA primer, initiates transcription elongation:RNA synthesis using DNA as template termination: transcription ceases |
| the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is known as the | transcription unit |
| the actual synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under the direction of mRNA | translation |
| during_______ the cell must translate the base sequence of an mRNA molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide | translation |
| order of amino acid sequence (sites) | P A E |
Created by:
sugah
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