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A&P unit 5&6
integumentary and bones/joints
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Membrane | Flat tissue covering or lining a body region |
| Epithelial membrane | made of epithelial and connective tissue, may have other tissues present as well |
| Mucous(mucosa) | a membrane lining a cavity that opens to the exterior. moist membrane |
| Epithelial tissue | varies by site (ex: lower GI has simple columnar because these areas function to secrete & absorb but lining of oral cavity has stratified squamous b/c needs a tissue to resits abrasion) |
| Tissue in mucous membrane | Epithelial and connective. Connective tissue (CT) is areolar |
| serous membrane | lines the ventral body cavity (thoracic & Adbominopelvic cavity) has 2 layers Parietal & visceral. Names depend on the cavity. |
| Tissue present in serous membrane | Epithelial: Simple Squamous(Mesothelium) and connective tissue: Areolar |
| Cutaneous | the skin |
| tissue present in cutaneous membrane | epithelial: keratinized stratified squamous. Connective tissue: dense irregular and areolar |
| Intergumentary system | skin and its accessory organs |
| Dermatology | specialized branch of anatomy |
| Facts on skin | Largest organ, covers 22 square feet, weighs 10-11 lbs, thickness varies between different body regions. |
| Functions of the integumentary system | Protections, sensation, Vitamin D production, temperature regulation |
| Function of integumentary system: Protections | Mechanic stress(abrasion), penetration by liquids & other chemicals, entry of pathogens |
| Function of integumentary system: Sensation | detects stimuli, Ex: touch, temperature, and pain |
| Function of integumentary system: vitamin D production | the skin, along with the liver and kidneys, produce vitamin D from sunlight (UV light) |
| Function of integumentary system: Temperature regulation | regulates temperature by 2 mechanisms, Perspiration: evaporation of water creates a cooling effect. Blood flow- changes in blood flow to the skin can prevent heat loss when the body is cold or allow for heat loss when the body is warm |
| 2 layer of the integumentary system | Epidermis and Dermis |
| Epidermis | located superficial, made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Does not have a blood supply avascular |
| Dermis | location is deep, made of dense irregular and areolar. has blood supply, vascular |
| hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | region inferior to the dermis. Made of adipose and areolar. The hypodermis is not part of the intugemntary system. Functions is to store fat, absorbs shocks, insulation, and anchors skin to muscles |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types | Stem cell. keratinocyte, melanocyte, dendritic, tactile(merkel) |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types: Stem cell | located in the stratum basale. Type of cell unipotent stem cell. Fx divides by mitosis to produce 2 new cells each times it divides. One of the new cells stays as a stem cells while the other differentiates into a keratinocyte |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types: Keratinocyte | type-epithelial. Fx make keratin, contains membrane coating vesicles that release a lipid to waterproof.contain keratohyalin granules(filaggrin-protein binds keratin fibers into bundles) produce envelope proteins to stabilize membrane. most abundant 90% |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types: Melanocytes | type-epithelial. fx makes melanin-colored protein. Meleanin is taken up by keratinocytes by the process phagocytosis. Fx of melanin absorbs UV light to prevent it from damaging the cell esp DNA. 8% abundance of cell |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types: Dendritic (Langerhans) | type- WBC, specifically Macrophage. Fx immune system protection, defend against entry of pathogens. Abundance 4% |
| Epidermis has 5 cells types: Tactile (merkel) | type- epithelial. Fx as a touch receptor, they are connected to a nerve cell in the dermis. Abundance less than 1 % |
| Thick skin | has all 5 zones of skin. located in high friction areas of the body. specific locations palms, finger tips, soles of feet. |
| Thin skin | has only 4 zones. located in low friction areas. ex all other locations not in thick skin |
| 5 zones of epidermis from deepest to superficial | Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum Corneum |
| 5 zones of epidermis: Stratum Basale | deepest layer,only 1 layer,cells-all byt dendritic. fx stem cells divide by mitosis(faster with injury)youngest cells, desmosomes bind cells together, hemidesmosome binds cell to basement membrane, have organelles, metabolic active layer |
| 5 zones of epidermis: Stratum Spinosum | second deepest layer, 8-10 layers, type-keratinocytes, tactile, dendritic. Fx keratinocytes have many sides, flattened cuboidal shape, Desmosomes bind cells together &tight junction form a water proof barrier. Cells receive less nutrients and O2 |
| 5 zones of epidermis: Stratum Granulosum | 3rd deepest layer. 3-5 layers. type keratinocytes & Dendritic. Fx Keratinocytes undergo dramatic structural/fx changes. very little nutrients&O2,begin to flatten, organelle begin to degrade. |
| 5 zones of epidermis: Stratum Lucidum | 4th deepest layer. 3-4 layers. type keratinocytes. officially squamous shaped cells in this layer. Ft present in only thick skin, lucidum means clear |
| 5 zones of epidermis: Stratum Corneum | superficial layer, about 30 layers. type keratinocytes. ft cells in the uppermost part of the zone are shed from the surface, a callus is thickening of this zone. |
| Functions of Dermis | Physical support for epidermis, provides blood supply for the epidermis, detects stimuli(contains sensory nerves), provide extensibility&elasticity to integument, holds hair follicles & glands |
| 2 regions of Dermis | Papillary and reticular |
| papillary | ft type- areolar CT, very loosely organized, fx flexible support for epidermis, loose org allows WBC migrate to epidermis, contains dermal papillae, epidermal ridges(both cus pattern on surface of the skin) superficial layer, smallest region 1/5 total ar |
| reticular | ft type - dense irregular CT, Fibers:thick collagen & elastic fibers. Fx strength, elasticity, extensibility. Deepest layer. Contains fibroblast, adipocytes, nerve endings, glands, and hair roots |
| 3 pigments determine skin color | Melanin, Carotene, and hemoglobin |
| Melanin | determine skin color in people of color, not in white skin.can be black, brown, yellow, any shade in between. determines color by amount of melanin and color produced, if they are clumped together/spread. UV light will increase melanin production in all |
| Carotene | color yellow to orange, obtained from diet, carotene from diet is deposited in the stratum corneum. Produces skin color in the palms, soles b/c the stratum corneum is thicker. |
| Hemoglobin | red pigment round in RBCs, produces skin color in regions such as the lips b/c blood vessels are closer to the surface. skin color of caucasians |
| Skin color has clinical uses b/c it can be used to dx certain conditions | Yellow color indicates jaundice, pale color indicates anemia, red color indicates fever, allergy or infection; bluish color indicates cyanosis(lack of Oxygen) |
| Sebaceous glands | oil glands, connected to hair follicles&secret directly into the hair follicle. Secrete sebum(oil), method holocrine. Loc: trunk,limbs,face,neck,superior chest, absent in palms&soles |
| Functions of sebaceous glands | keeps hair from drying out, prevents excessive water loss from skin, keeps skin soft, inhibits some bacteria growth. controlled by sex hormones |
| Acne | inflammation of the sebaceous gland in a hair follicle. the hair itself is absent from the follicle or is microscopic |
| sudoriferous glands | called sweat glans. Watery substance. Two type Eccrine and apocrine |
| Sudoriferous gland: Eccrine | most abundant type. All over the body and esp in palms, soles, forehead. Fx thermoregulation(also emotional sweating) contains water,ions, glucose, aminoe acids, ammonia. Secrete directly to surface of epidermis, method merocrine |
| Sudoriferous Glands: Apocrin | located in axillary, groin, mammary, face(esp males). Fx secretion contains same as eccrine but thicker due to lipids & proteins. Secretion is odorless, develops odor when mixed with bacteria on skin, method merocrine, Fx scent glans to produce pheromones |
| Ceruminous glands | modified sweat glans, located in ear canal, secrete cerumen(wax), fx prevents harmful substances from entering the ear |
| Skins cancer 3 type | most causes cased by UV light. UV light mutates DNA leading the cell to become cancerous. most tumors are in areas with the highest sun exposure(head,neck,hands) most common in fair skinned andelderly |
| Basale Cell Carcinoma | cells become cancerous. most common form of skin cancer and least deadly, b/c it seldom metastasizes. clinical indication- lesion first appears as small, shiny bumps. gets larger, develops indentation in the center, peary or shiny edge |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | keratinocytes become cancerous. Variable rate of metastasis. Left untreated will spread. Clinical indications- Lesion first appear as raised, reddish, scaly area. Gets larger, lesion is ulcerous and concave with raised edges. |
| melanoma | Rarest from, most deadly and difficult to treat once metastasizes. risk factors - family hx, higher in males. red hair color, people who have severe sun burns as kids. Clinical indications A(asymmetry)B(border is irregular)C(color not uniform)D(diameter) |
| First degree burns | only the epidermis is damaged, clinical indications- redness, slight swelling, and pain. Tx heal in a few days, seldom scar. Example most sun burns |
| second degree burns | epidermis & part of dermis is damaged. clinical indications red, tan, or white. Painful and usually blistered. tx takes weeks to heal and often leaves scars. Ex severe sunburns and scalds |
| third degree burns | epidermis, all of the dermis& usually deeper tissues are damaged. Tx involves skin grafts b/c cannot heal itself normally. Can be fatal because cause significant fluid loss which lowers blood volume & can lead to a heart attack, lead to infections |
| Osteology | Special Branch of anatomy for skeletal system |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system | provides support and protection, assist in movement, mineral homeostatsis, blood cell production, acid base balance. |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system: Provides support and protection | protecting soft tissues. providing attachments sites for muscles. Tendons and ligaments. |
| tendons | connects muscles to bones or connects muscle to muscle |
| ligament | connects bone to another bone |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system: assist in movement | muscles cause movement by pulling on bones |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system: mineral homeostasis | bones store and release minerals such as calcium |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system: blood cell production | Hematopoiesis- multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce blood cells |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system: acid-base balance | bone tissue buffers blood by absorbing or releasing minerals |
| Number of named bones in the body | 206 |
| 2 divisions of the skeleton | Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton |
| Axial skeleton | 80 bones, includes bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribcage |
| Appendicular skeleton | 126 bones, includes pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs |
| long bones | longer than they are wide, have a shaft(center part) & 2 distinctly different ends(proximal end&distal end) located Limbs like Humerus and tibia & phalanges. |
| Short bones | equal length and width. have a cube like shape. located carpals and tarsal |
| sesamoid bones | special type of bone, develops inside a tendon, size and number can vary between people. fx protects tendon from wear & improves movement at a joint. located patella(in all), palms/soles(not in all) |
| flat bone | large surface area, thin & flat, usually curved. Fx generally not involved in movement, fx to provide protection and a surface for muscle attachment, located sternum, scapula, ribs, and most skull bones |
| irregular bones | have miscellaneous shapes that do not fit with the other categories listed. located vertebrae and hip bones |
| bone markings | surface marking that allow bones to functions. 4 types |
| Articulations | this is a point where one bone meets another bone. Fx form joints. Example- condyle such as the occipital condyle |
| Extensions and projections | stick out from the bone. Fx form joints-ex tubercle such as the greater tubercle. Attachemnts points for CT and/or muscles. |
| Depressions | shallow areas. Fx allow for passage of soft tissue or for the attachments of muscles. Ex fossa such as the infraspinous fossa |
| Openings | these are holes. Fx allow for passaged of soft tissue. Ex the foramen magnum |
| word "bone" | An organ: because all bones are separate organs. They are studied by gross anatomy Recall the definition of an organ: A structure made of 2 or more tissues 2) A tissue: because bone is one type of CT. It is studied by microscopic anatomy |
| tissues found in bone | Bone- of the tissue in bone Nerve: bone innervated;Cartilage: on articular surface;Dense irregular CT: lines cavities/covers external surface Blood vessels: bone vascular Blood have smooth muscle tissue & simple squamous epithelial tissue inside wall |
| 2 types of bones | compact and spongy |
| compact bone | Located: are the outer layers of bone beneath the periosteum (the terms in italics will be defined & discussed later) Features: a) Dense, smooth & solid b) Strongest type of bone c) Has osteons , lamella, & a central canal |
| spongy bone | Located: are the inner layers of bone and are covered by endosteum Ft A)Made of small, needle like pieces called spicules &trabeculae;Many open spaces bone marrow is located in the spaces;Sponge like Weaker form of bone;No central canal; few osteons |
| Anatomy of the long bone: Diaphysis | the center or shaft of the bone Made of: compact bone Definition of medullary cavity: hollow space in the center of the shaft. Bone marrow is located here |
| Anatomy of the long bone: Epiphysis | (plural = epiphyses): the end of the bone; there are two ends, proximal and distal. Superficial region is made of compact bone. Deep region is made of spongy bone |
| Anatomy of the long bone: Metaphysis | this is the point where the diaphysis & epiphysis meet |
| articular cartilage | region of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface Articular surface is where bone meets another bone (this meeting point is called a joint). |
| epiphyseal plate | layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis. Allows for lengthwise growth of the bone (bone growth is discussed later in the notes). Plate present only in growing bone (when the skeleton is growing) |
| epiphyseal line | when skeleton stops growing, the plate is replaced by bone tissue and is now called the epiphyseal line |
| Periosteum | covers the outer surface Made of dense irregular CT |
| Sharpey's fibers | collagen fibers found in periosteum that attach periosteum to the bone |
| Functions of periosteum | a) Protection b) Allows for bone to increase in width (called appositional growth) c) Attachment point for ligaments, tendons, & muscles d) Passageway for nerves, blood vessels, & lymph vessels via the nutrient foramen |
| Endosteum | line the medullary cavity. Made of a thin layer of reticular CT |
| ECM made of both organic and inorganic material: | 25% water (inorganic) 25% collagen fibers (organic). Provide flexibility to bone 50% crystallized minerals (inorganic). Provide hardness |
| Inorganic minerals found in bone tissue | 1) Hydroxyapatite: 85% A salt made of calcium phosphate 2) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): 10% Also a salt 3) 5% other minerals: Mg+ , Na+ , F- , OH- , etc |
| 4 types of cells in bone tissue | Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
| Osteogenic | stem cells Fx differentiate into osteoblasts Located: Endosteum, periosteum, and central canal |
| Two factors will speed up the differentiation of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts: | a) Stress placed on bone from use: happens when bone is used (when it is moved). b) Fractures/injury; more osteoblasts are needed to heal fracture |
| Osteoblasts | Are bone building cells Fx: secrete matrix (as we learned in the histology unit) Located: Endosteum and periosteum Fx as a gland. Secretes osteocalcin (a hormone) |
| Functions of osteocalcin: | a) Stimulates insulin secretion (one of many factors that stimulate it) b) Limit growth of adipose tissue |
| Osteocytes | mature cells; are located in lacunae (as we learned in the histology unit). Cell membrane has many projections Functions of osteocytes: a) Maintain matrix b) Signal bone remodeling in response to stress/use of bone Located: all bone tissue |
| Osteoclasts | Are bone destroying cells that are derived from WBCs called macrophages Function: degrade bone matrix (this is called bone remodeling ) Located: all bone tissue |
| osteons (Haversian Systems) | Function of osteons: Act as weight bearing pillars |
| Interstitial lamella | lamella in the space between osteons |
| Circumferential lamella | run along the inner and outer circumference of the bone |
| Central (Haversian) canal | in center of each osteon Function: bring blood & nerve supply to the cells of the osteon Contains: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves Lined with endosteum |
| Perforating (Volkman's) canal | runs perpendicular through the bone Function: Connect the central canal with the vessel & nerve supply outside of the bone Contains: blood & lymph vessels, & nerves |
| ossification (osteogenesis) | the process of bone formation |
| Prenatal | takes place in embryo & this leads to formation of the skeletal bones themselves |
| Postnatal: | take place after birth children, bone increases in length &width; leads to growth of new bones & is how the body grows taller & bigger. adults, most bones do not increase in length anymore but the bones can increase in width. |
| appositional growth | Appositional growth happens in response to excessive exercise or weight gain increase in width |
| Intramembranous ossification: | bone is formed from a fibrous membrane Bones formed this way: skull bones & clavicles |
| Endochondral ossification: | bone is formed by replacing a hyaline cartilage "model" of the bone ones except the skull & clavicles |
| Postnatal Growth involve 2 process | Increase in length & Increase in width |
| Postnatal Growth: Increase in width | appositional growth. Occurs by intramembranous ossification using the periosteum & endosteum as the fibrous membrane a.new bone is deposited underneath periosteum b.New bone is added to the region superior to the endosteum & within spongy bone regions |
| Postnatal Growth: Increase in length | occurs by endochondral ossification but the hyaline cartilage used is the hyaline cartilage present in the epiphyseal plate Once skeleton is done growing, the epiphyseal plate becomes replaced by bone & is now called the epiphyseal line |
| Hyaline cartilage in epiphyseal plate has different zones or layers as | resting: anchors epiphysial plate to bone; proliferating: forms new hyaline cartilage to replace the cartilage that was turned into bone; hypertrophic: contains mature chondrocytes in lacuna;calcified:differentiates into bone by endochondral ossification |
| bone remodeling | : replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue Involves: 1) Removal of bone tissue by osteoclasts (called bone resorption) 2) Deposit of new bone tissue by osteoblasts (called bone deposition) |
| bone deposition | Deposit of new bone tissue by osteoblasts |
| bone resorption | Re bone tissue by osteoclasts |
| Functions of bone remodeling | 1) Renews bone matrix: keeps it healthy & strong. 2) Repair of fractures: Both significant fractures & microfractures 3) Changing shape of bone in response to stress Stress occurs when the bone is used |
| Proper bone remodeling involves the correct balance of bone resorption by osteoclasts & bone deposition by osteoblasts | If too much osteoclast activity, bone density decreases. Result is osteoporosis If too much osteoblast activity: bone density increases. Can lead to bone spurs (bumps on the bone) |
| osteoporosis | too much osteoclast activity, bone density decreases |
| bone spurs | bumps on the bone |
| Bone is a metabolically active tissue | 1) Constantly remodeled 2) Involved with mineral homeostasis. Stores excess minerals & releases them when necessary to maintain proper levels. Two examples of minerals: calcium and phosphorus (we are going to discuss calcium only) |
| Calcium’s functions in the body include | muscle contraction, nerve cell function, exocytosis, and blood clotting |
| Two stores of calcium in the body | Free calcium and calcium salt |
| Free calcium | located in blood plasma. This is the "functional" form of calcium because this form is the one used to perform the functions listed above. 1% of total calcium in the body is this form |
| Calcium salt | located in bone. These are hydroxyapatite & CaCO3 This is the "Non- Functional" form because calcium in this form cannot be used. 99% of total calcium is this form. It can be converted into free calcium & released to blood and then it can be used |
| exchange | When calcium is transferred between blood & bone. Free calcium in blood is converted into salt in bones......... or salt in bones is converted to free calcium in blood |
| Cells responsible for exchange | 1) Osteoblasts: promote formation of calcium salts in bone. this means free calcium in blood is converted into salt in bones. 2) Osteoclasts: promote destruction of calcium salts in bone. this means salt in bones is converted to free calcium in blood |
| Two types of calcium imbalances | Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia |
| Hypercalcemia | too much calcium Can cause: formation of kidney stones, emotional disturbances, gastrointestinal problems. Very rare, usually caused by over secretion of parathyroid hormone |
| Hypocalcemia | too little calcium Can cause: soft bones, poor growth in children, and, because calcium plays central role in muscle & nerve function, can cause tremors & spasms or inability of muscles to contract |
| Calcium homeostasis and exchange is regulated by 3 hormones: | Calcitriol, Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone |
| Parathyroid hormone | secreted by parathyroid gland Function: raises blood calcium by a) Stimulating osteoclast activity b) Preventing calcium loss in urine c) Increasing calcitriol levels d) Inhibiting osteoblast activity |
| Calcitonin | secreted by thyroid gland Function: lowers blood calcium by: a) Inhibiting osteoclast activity b) Stimulating osteoblast activity |
| Calcitriol: | form of vitamin D Calcitriol is produced by action of skin, liver, & kidneys Fx: raises blood calcium by:Increasing calcium absorption in small intestine; Increasing exchange by stimulating osteoclast activity; Preventing calcium loss in urine |
| fracture | a break in a bone |
| Stress fracture | a fracture caused by injury such as a fall |
| Pathological fracture | a fracture caused by weak bones due to a metabolic disorder |
| non-displaced fracture | the bone cracks either part or all of the way through, but does move and maintains its proper alignment |
| displaced fracture | the bone snaps into two or more parts and moves so that the two ends are not lined up straight |
| comminuted fracture | bone is in many pieces |
| greenstick fracture | occurs when a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces |
| Arthrology | study of joints |
| Kinesiology | study of body movements |
| joint | where two or more bones meet Also called an articulation or an arthrosis |
| 2 ways to classify joints | by function and by structure |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by function | according to degree of movement allowed at the joint 3 types of functional classification: a) Synarthrosis b) Amphiarthrosis c) Diarthrosis |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by function : Synarthrosis | no movement |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by function : Amphiarthrosis | a little bit of movement The "little bit of movement" in an amphiarthrotic joint does produce whole body movements; the movement is just a slight movement which is usually caused by movement of a diarthrotic joint located close to it |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by function : Diarthrosis | freely moveable |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by structure | according to the type of tissue holding the bones together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity 3 types of structural classification: 1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous joint cavity 3) Synovial |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by structure : Fibrous | bones are held together by collagen fibers and there is no joint cavity |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by structure : Cartilaginous | bones are held together by cartilage and there is no joint cavity |
| 2 ways to classify joints: by structure : Synovial | bones are held together by tendons or ligaments (recall, tendons and ligaments are made of dense regular CT) and there is a joint cavity. Are the most structurally complex of all joints |
| 3 types of fibrous joints: | Suture, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses |
| 3 types of fibrous joints: Suture | Structure: a thin strand of collagen fibers holds the bones together and there is an extremely small space between the bones Function: synarthrosis Example: sutures |
| 3 types of fibrous joints: Syndesmoses | Structure: bones are held together by long strands of collagen fibers usually forming a sheet like structure &there is a moderate amount of space b/w bones Fx: amphiarthrosis Ex:Proximal & Distal joints of tibia and fibula Between shafts of radius & ulna |
| 3 types of fibrous joints: Gomphoses | Structure: is a "peg in socket" joint where a small ligament connects bones Fx: synarthrosis gomphosis is a synarthrotic joint Examples: root of teeth and the mandible (for lower teeth) or maxilla (for upper teeth) |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints | 1) Synchondroses 2) Symphyses |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints: Symphyses | Structure: bones held together by fibrocartilage Function: amphiarthrosis Examples: a) Pubic symphysis b) Joints between vertebra with intervertebral discs |
| 2 types of cartilaginous joints: Synchondroses | Structure: bones are connected by hyaline cartilage Function: synarthrosis Examples: a) Epiphyseal plate b) Joint between 1st rib and sternum |
| Synovial Joints | Function: are diarthrotic joints |
| Characteristics of synovial joints: | Contains synovial fluid; Articular cartilage; Articular capsule; |
| Articular cartilage | covers the articulating surfaces,is hyaline cartilage Fx: protect articular surfaces during movement,reduce friction, absorb shock, bc cartilage is not innervated, does not allow any sensation to be felt whenthe articular surfaces "bump" into each other |
| Articular capsule | surrounds the joint. This is almost like a "sleeve" surrounding the joint and covers synovial cavity. Functions to help unite the bones 2 layers of articular capsule: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane |
| 2 layers of articular capsule: Fibrous capsule | is the outer layer. Attaches to periosteum. Made of dense irregular CT. Functions to strengthen joint & provide flexibility for movement |
| 2 layers of articular capsule: Synovial Membrane | is the inner layer. Made of areolar CT. Functions to line synovial cavity, secretes synovial fluid, and provide cushioning |
| Synovial fluid | is secreted by synovial membrane. It is made of albumin & hyaluronic acid. It is viscous and pale yellow. Movement of the joint causes the fluid to become less viscous. Functions to reduce friction and supply nutrients to cartilage tissue |
| Accessory structures of synovial joints: | Tendon, Ligament, articular disc(menisci), bursa, tendon sheath |
| Tendon | cord of dense regular CT connecting muscle to bone |
| Ligament | : a cord of dense regular CT connecting bone to another bone |
| Articular disc (menisci) | a pad or wedge of fibrocartilage that is positioned to separate articular surfaces Functions: a) Stabilizes joint b) Improves movement c) Reduces dislocation d) Absorbs shock Ex: Temporomandibular (TMJ) and tibiofemoral (knee) |
| Bursa | a fibrous sac of synovial fluid that is positioned to reduce friction & cushion. They are located where bone, skin, muscles, and/or tendons rub together Examples of joints with bursa: tibiofemoral, hand & glenohumeral |
| Tendon sheath | a really long bursa that wraps around at tendon. It is positioned to reduce friction & cushion Examples of joints with a tendon sheath: Hand & glenohumeral |
| There are 6 classes of synovial joints | They are classified according to movements possible |
| class of synovial joint: Plane (gliding) joints | Structure of articulating surfaces: flat Type of movement: a sliding or gliding movement Joint examples: intercarpal & intertarsal |
| class of synovial joint: Hinge joints | Structure of articulating surfaces: can be described as a cylinder in a trough (which is what a door hinge looks like) Types of movements: flexion and extension Joint examples: tibiofemoral, humeroulnar, & tibiofibulotalar |
| class of synovial joint: Pivot joint | Structure of articulating surfaces: can be described as "ring shaped"; there is a round area of one bone rotating (spinning) around another Type of movement: rotation Joint ex: radioulnar, atlanto-axial joint (moved when shaking head to say no) |
| class of synovial joint: Condyloid joint | Structure of articulating surfaces: complementary oval surfaces Types of movements: a) Flexion & extension b) Adduction & abduction Joint examples: radiocarpal joint of wrist & metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpals & phalanges) |
| class of synovial joint: Saddle joints | Structure of articulating surfaces: can be described as a rider sitting in a saddle Types of movements: a) Flexion & extension b) Adduction & abduction Joint examples: Trapeziometacarpal joint of thumb (between carpal bone & metacarpal of thumb) |
| class of synovial joint: Ball and socket joints | Structure of articulating surfaces: is ball sitting in a socket like structure Types of movement: is the freely moveable of all joints a) Flexion & extension b) Adduction & abduction c) Rotation & circumduction Joint ex: glenohumeral & coxal |
| Specific types of movements | 12 types Gliding, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| Specific types of movements: Gliding | flat bone surfaces moves side to side. There is no change in angle between bones |
| Specific types of movements: Flexion | movement that decreases the angle between articulating bones* and straightens the joint *In any motion, is important to realize/understand which bones are actually moving during the movement |
| Specific types of movements: Extension | movement that increases the angle between the articulating bones. |
| Specific types of movements: Abduction | movement away from midline |
| Specific types of movements: Adduction | movement towards the midline |
| Specific types of movements: Circumduction | movement of the distal end in a circle |
| Hyperextension | extension beyond anatomic position. Not all joints can be hyperextended |
| Specific types of movements: rotation | movement around bone's long axis |
| Specific types of movements: Elevation | superior movement ("lifting") |
| Specific types of movements: Inversion | sole turns medially, soles face inward |
| Specific types of movements: Eversion | sole turns laterally, soles face outward |
| Medial rotation | when rotation moves the body part medially |
| Lateral rotation | when rotation moves the body part laterally |
| Depression | opposite of elevation (putting down) |
| Specific types of movements: Movements of radius & ulna | Supination and Pronation |
| Supination | term for palm in anatomic position, palm faces anterior |
| Pronation | opposite of supination, palm faces posterior |
| Specific types of movements: Movements of ankle joint | Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion |
| Dorsiflexion | bending foot superiorly |
| Plantar flexion | bending foot inferiorly |
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cberrios
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