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life molecules

QuestionAnswer
What is organic chemistry? The chemistry of molecules that contain carbon, with the exception of carbon dioxide.
What are the four important types of organic molecules? Lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids.
What are polypeptides? Long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds; proteins.
What is a peptide bond? A bond between amino acids.
How are peptide bonds formed? Condensation (water production) or dehydration (water removal) synthesis.
What do peptide bonds connect? The amino end of one amino acid to the carboxyl end of another.
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? A central carbon surrounded by an amino end (NH2), a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (C=O,-OH), and a variable group (unique to each of the 20 amino acids).
What is hydrolysis? The breakage of a peptide bond. "Water break"
What is the function of a protein? Structure (cytoskeleton), signaling (receptors), catalysis (enzymes)
What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Saccharides.
What is unique about the monomers of carbs? Saccharides are considered carbs even by themselves.
What are the carb monomers? Glucose, fructose (fruits), and galactose (milk).
Which carb monomers have the same formula, and what is the formula? Glucose and fructose share the formula CnH2nOn (1:2:1 of CHO).
What is the difference between glucose and fructose? Glucose has a double bonded oxygen on the top carbon while fructose has it on the second carbon.
What are the disaccharides made of? Maltose = glucose + glucose. Sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar). Lactose = glucose + galactose.
What are polysaccharides made of? How are the molecules linked? 3 or more monosaccharides (all of which are glucose) a-linked in glycogen and b-linked in cellulose.
What are the polysaccharides? Glycogen, starch, cellulose.
What does glycogen do? The form in which animals store glucose.
What does starch do? The form in which plants store glucose.
What does cellulose do? Used for plant structures (cell wall, leaves, stems, wood).
What are lipids polymers of? hydrocarbons
What are the three types of lipids in the body? Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
What are triglycerides? 3 long hydrocarbon/fatty acid chains attached by a glycerol molecule
What is the function of a triglyceride? form of stored fat in the body (most consumed fat, found in corn oil)
What are phospholipids? 2 long hydrocarbon/fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached by a glycerol molecule
What about the nature of phospholipids makes them fulfill their function well? the phosphate group is hydrophilic while the lipids are hydrophobic. the phospholipids align and form a lipid bilayer with the phosphate heads on the outside.
What is cholesterol? aromatic(ring) hydrocarbon
What is the function of cholesterol? in animal cell membranes with phospholipids, synthesizes steroid hormones
What is a nucleic acid? DNA/RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
What is the structure of a nucleotide? phosphate group and sugar backbone with a nitrogenous base
What are the nitrogenous bases and their parings? Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine/uracil. A-U/T, C-G
Which nitrogenous base pairing is stronger and why? C-G is stronger because it has 3 hydrogen bonds as opposed to 2.
What's DNA? DNA is two complementary strands. think: twisted ladder with the rungs which hold the ladder together being the n-bases and the sides the phosphate-sugar backbone.
What's RNA? RNA is a single strand, so it can take various shapes and fold over itself. Uracil instead of Thymine.
What is the function of carbs? energy source, storage, and provides structure
What is the function of lipids? energy storage, hormones to signal, membrane composition
What is the function of nucleic acids? store genetic material
Created by: yanguin
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