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Chp 49, 50, 51
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal glands -manufactures and secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of sex hormones |
| Adrenal glands | glands located above the kidneys -outer portion is the cortex, and the inner portion is the medulla |
| Adrenal medulla | inner portion of the adrenal glands -secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, two hormones released in response to stress or threat to life |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | substance secreted by the pituitary that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete corticosteroid hormones |
| Corticosteroids | chemicals secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) | causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| Estrogen | hormone produced by the ovaries |
| Feedback loop | mechanism that turns hormone production off and on to keep concentrations of hormones within a stable range at all times. Feedback can either be positive or negative. Hormones are secreted in response to negative feedback, vice versa with positive |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | hormone that stimulates development of ovum in the ovaries and sperm in the testes |
| Glucagon | hormone that increases blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver |
| Glycogenolysis | process in which glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | triggers sexual development at the onset of puberty and continues to cause the anterior pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) | causes the release of somatotropin (growth hormone (GH)) from the anterior pituitary gland |
| Hormones | chemicals that accelerate or slow physiological processes |
| Hypophysis | pituitary gland |
| Hypothalamic dopamine | inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland |
| Hypothalamus | portion of the brain between the cerebrum and the brain stem that stimulates and inhibits the pituitary gland |
| Insulin | pancreatic hormone necessary for the metabolism of glucose |
| Islets of Langerhans | hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | hormone that initiates ovulation, and in both sexes, secretion of sex hormones |
| Melatonin | hormone that aids in regulating sleep cycles and mood and is believed to play a role in hypothalamic-pituitary interaction |
| Neurohormones | stimulate and inhibit secretions from the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland -also known as releasing hormones |
| Neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Ovaries | female endocrine glands important in the development of secondary sex characteristics, the manufacture of hormones, and the development of ova |
| Pancreas | gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions -exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes that the common bile duct carries to the small intestine, while the endocrine cells of the pancreas release insulin and glucagon |
| Pancreatic polypeptide | hormone released from gamma islet cells that control exocrine secretions from the pancreas |
| Parathormone | hormone that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorous |
| Parathyroid glands | four small bean-shaped bodies embedded in the lateral lobes of the thyroid that secrete parathormone |
| Pars intermedia | intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Pineal gland | gland attached to the thalamus that secretes melatonin, which aids in regulating sleep cycles and mood |
| Progesterone | hormone produced by the ovaries |
| Prolactin | hormone that promotes production and secretion of milk after childbirth |
| Radioimmunoassay | study that determines the concentration of a radioactive substance in blood plasma |
| Radionuclide | atom with an unstable nucleus that emits electromagnetic radiation |
| Somatostatin | hormone secreted by delta islet cells that helps to maintain a relatively constant level fo blood glucose by inhibiting the release of insulin and glucagons |
| Somatotropin | hormone that stimulates bone and muscle growth and promotes protein synthesis and fat mobilization |
| Testes | male sex glands, important in the development of secondary sex characteristics, the manufacture of hormones, and the development of sperm |
| Testosterone | hormone produced by the testes for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
| Tetraiodothyronine | hormone synthesized by the thyroid gland that regulates the body's metabolic rate -also known as T4 |
| Thymopoietin | hormone that aids in the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes |
| Thymosin | hormone that aids in developing T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in immunity |
| Thymus gland | structure in the upper part of the chest that secretes thymosin, which programs T lymphocytes to become regulatory or effector T cells |
| Thyroid gland | structure located in the lower neck that concentrate iodine from food and uses it to synthesize tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine T3 |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones |
| Triiodothyronine | hormone synthesized by the thyroid gland that regulates the body's metabolic rate -also called T3 |
| Acromegaly | condition in which growth hormone is over secreted after the epiphyses of the long bones have healed |
| Addisonian crisis | life-threatening endocrine emergency when corticosteroid therapy is abruptly discontinued |
| Adrenalectomy | surgical removal of the adrenal gland(s), usually to remove a cancerous tumor |
| Adrenal insufficiency | decreased adrenal cortical function |
| Carpopedal spasm | involuntary contraction of hand muscles |
| Cushingoid syndrome | physical changes that accompany excess endogenous production of steroid hormones or long-term corticosteroid therapy |
| Cushing's syndrome | endocrine disorder that results from excessive secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex |
| Diabetes insipidus | endocrine disorder that develops when antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland is insufficient |
| Goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
| Hyperaldosteronism | excessive secretion of aldosterone leading to extreme electrolyte imbalances |
| Hyperparathyroidism | disorder of the parathyroid gland that affects calcium and phosphorous levels |
| Hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size |
| Hypoparathyroidism | deficiency of parathormone that results in hypocalcemia |
| Hypophysectomy | surgical removal of the pituitary gland |
| Hyperthyroidism | disorder associated with hyper secretion of thyroid hormones in which metabolic rate increases |
| Hypothyroidism | disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland fails to secrete adequate thyroid hormones |
| Myxedema | hypothyroidism in an adult |
| Pheochromocytoma | |
| Simmonds' disease | |
| Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | |
| Tetany | |
| Thyroidectomy | |
| Thyroiditis | |
| Thyrotoxic crisis | |
| Bariatric surgery | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | |
| Fasting blood glucose | |
| Gangrene | |
| Glucometer | |
| Glycemic index | |
| Glycosuria | |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin | |
| Hyperglycemia | |
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome | |
| Hypoglycemia | |
| Insulin independence | |
| Insulin resistance | |
| Ketoacidosis | |
| Ketonemia | |
| Ketones | |
| Ketonuria | |
| Kussmaul's respirations | |
| Lipoatrophy | |
| Lipohypertrophy | |
| Lipolysis | |
| Metabolic syndrome | |
| Microalbuminuria | |
| Oral glucose tolerance test | |
| Polydipsia | |
| Polyphagia | |
| Polyuria | |
| Postprandial glucose | |
| Prediabetes | |
| Random blood glucose | |
| Renal threshold | |
| Rule of 15 | |
| Tight glucose control |
Created by:
ahoyyitbeaddi
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