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Ch 7
Chaffey College Medical Terminology Course
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A continuous tube beginning with the mouth and ending at the anus | Gastrointestinal system (GI tract) |
| About how long is the GI tract in adults? | 30 feet |
| What are the primary organs in the gastrointestinal system | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine |
| What are the accessory organs included in the gastrointestinal system | salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
| What are the three main functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption and elimination |
| The process by which food is changed so it can be absorbed | Digestion |
| The process by which nutrients are taken into the blood or lymph and travel to cells | Absorption |
| The process by which solid wastes are excreted from the body | Elimination |
| Mechanically breaks food apart by the action of the teeth, moisten and lubricates food with saliva, food then formed into bolus | Mouth |
| Used in mastication (chewing) | Teeth |
| Secrete salvia to moisten and lubricate food | Salivary glands |
| Common passageway for both respiration and digestion | Pharynx |
| A soft mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed | Bolus |
| Moves the bolus by peristalsis down the esophagus into the stomach | Esophagus |
| Reduces food to a digestible state, converts the food to a semiliquid state called chyme | Stomach |
| Mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions | Chyme |
| Digestion and adsorption take place chiefly and nutrients are absorbed and transferred to body cells by the circulatory system | Small intestine |
| Reabsorbs water from the fecal material, stores and then eliminates waste from the body via the rectum and anus | Large intestine |
| Changes glucose to glycogen and stores it until needed, changes glycogen back to glucose, desaturates fats, assists in protein catabolism, manufactures bile | Liver |
| Stores and concentrates bile that has been produces by the liver | Gallbladder |
| Secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine, contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon | Pancreas |
| What is the mouth formed of: | The roof, cheeks, tongue and lips |
| The roof of the mouth is made up of | hard and soft palates |
| What lies between the cheeks and the teeth | Vestibule |
| What surrounds the necks of the teeth | Gingivae (gums) |
| What connects the tongue and epithelium | Lingual frenulum |
| Made up of skeletal muscle and covered with mucous membrane | Tongue |
| The tongue can be divided into three parts | The root, central and the tip |
| What are the taste buds that the tongue surface contains | Sour, sweet, salty, savory and bitter |
| The surface of the tongue also has elevations knows as | Papillae |
| How many pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity | Three pairs |
| What does the posterior margin of the soft palate support | The uvlula and two pairs of muscular pharyngeal arches |
| What does the palatine tonsil lies between | The arches |
| The passageway between the oral cavity and the pharynx is the | Fauces |
| Where does digestion begin | In the mouth where food is broken down, moistened and formed into bolus |
| What are the three movement of bolus from the mouth to the esophagus | Voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase and esophageal phase |
| The tongue pushes the bolus posteriorly toward the oropharynx, this is know as what phase | Voluntary phase |
| The bolus enters the oropharynx, the soft palate and epiglottis seal off the nasopharynx and larynx respectively | Pharyngeal phase |
| Peristaltic waves move the bolus down the esophagus to the stomach | Esophageal phase |
| How many set of teeth do humans have throughout their lifetime | 2 sets |
| The deciduous set of teeth is better known as | Baby teeth |
| The permanent set of teeth is better known as | Adult teeth |
| How many total teeth and how many of each do we have during our baby teeth | 20 total, 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars |
| How many total teeth and how many of each do we have during our adult teeth | 32 total, 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars |
| Largest of the permanent teeth with a grinding, pounding surface | Molars |
| Are lateral to and behind the canine teeth with a grinding surface | Premolars |
| Four front teeth with a sharp cutting edge | Incisors |
| Large, strong and point teeth to either side of the incisors | Canines |
| What are the three main portions of a tooth | Crown, root and pulp cavity |
| Section of the tooth the projects above the gum | Crown |
| Section of the tooth that is embedded in a bony socket | Root |
| Section of the tooth that lies inside the tooth | Pulp cavity |
| The connective tissue within the pulp cavity is known as | Dental pulp |
| What supplies the pullp | Vessels and nerves from the root canal |
| How do vessels and nerves enter the root cancal | Through the apical foramen |
| The solid portion of the tooth is made of | Dentin |
| What covers the exposed part of the tooth's crown | Enamel |
| What is the bony socket that the root of the tooth known as | Alveolus |
| The periodontal ligament extends from what to what | The dentin of the root to the bone of the alveolus |
| What protects and anchors the ligament of a tooth | Cementum |
| Extends from the internal nares to the entrance to the larynx and esophagus | Pharynx |
| The pharynx is divided into three parts | The nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx |
| What blocks the opening of the larynx to prevent food entering the airway | Epiglottis |
| A muscular tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach | Esophagus |
| Lies junction of the esophagus and the stomach | Lower esophageal |
| Food is carried along the esophagus by wavelike muscular contractions called | Peristalsis |
| A muscular, saclike portion of the alimentary canal between the esophagus and duodenum | Stomach |
| What are the three part pf the stomach and their regions | Fundus upper region, body main region and antrum lower region |
| Folds in the stomach that expand when it fills | Rugae |
| Food is reduced to a digestible state by churning and by chemicals, hormones and enzymes in gastric juices. This semiliquid food is call | Chyme |
| The small intestine is divided into three parts and how long are each of them | Duodenum the first 12 inches, jejunum the next 8 feel and the illeum the last 12 feet |
| What primarily occurs in the small intestine | Digestion and absorption |
| What helps to increase intestinal surface area and absorption in the small intestine | Villi |
| Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus | Large intestine |
| What are the four parts of the large intestine | Cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal |
| A pouch like structure at the beginning of the large intestine | Cecum |
| Makes up the bulk of the large intestine | Colon |
| Stores waste until it is eliminated | Rectum |
| Expels waste | Anal canal |
| Secrete saliva in response to the sight, smell, taste, or material image of food | Salivary glands |
| What are the three major pairs of the salivary glands | Parotid glands, submandibular glands and sublingual glands |
| Where are the parotid glands located | Below the ear |
| Where are the submandibular glands located | Floor of the mouth |
| Where are the sublingual glands located | Below the tongue |
| Largest glandular organ in the body and it is essential to carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism | Liver |
| What are the functions of the liver | Changes glucose in carbohydrates to glycogen, desaturates fats and stores proteins |
| What does bile aid within the liver | Aids in fat emulsification |
| What does fibrinogen and prothrombin aid within the liver | Aid in blood clotting |
| What does heparin prevent within the liver | Improper blood clotting |
| What does albumin and gamma globulin help within the liver | Helps make up blood |
| Small and pear-shaped sac under the liver that stores bile produces by the liver and concentrates it for future use | Gallbladder |
| How much more concentrated is bile leaving the gallbladder compared to bile leaving the liver | 6 to 10 times more |
| Why is bile more concentrated when leaving the gallbladder compared to the liver | The removal of water |
| A large, elongated gland behind the stomach that secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine and produces the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon | Pancreas |
| A cancer that starts in the colon or the rectum- depending on where they start | Colorectal cancer |
| Most colorectal cancer starts as what and where | As a growth on the inner lining of the colon or rectum |
| An inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract | Crohn's disease |
| What group of diseases does the Crohn's disease belong too | Irritable bowel disease |
| Where does Crohn's disease most commonly affect | The end of the small bowel and the beginning of the colon |
| Crohn disease is NOT the same as what | ulcerative colitis |
| Infection of inflammation of pouches that can form in your intestine | Diverticulosis/ Diverticulitis |
| Digestive disorder that occurs when acidic stomach juices or food and fluids back up from the stomach into the esophagus | Gastroesophageal Reflux |
| What type of people are at higher risk for GERD | Those with asthma |
| Upper part of your stomach bulges through an opening in your diaphragm | Hiatal Hernia |
| Tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles | Inguinal Hernia |
| Twisting or knotting that can block the intestinal and obstruct blood flow | Volvulus |
| Volvulus is common in who and rare in who | Common in infants and children rare in older adults with constipation |
| What drug neutralizes HCI in the stomach | Antacids |
| What combinations in antacids allows for neutralization of HCI | Mixtures combinations of aluminum or calcium compounds with magnesium salts |
| Protective medication that protect the stomach lining but do not inhibit acid release | Mucosal |
| Suppress gastric secretion | Gastric action pump inhibitors |
| Relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract | Laxatives |
| Treat diarrhea | Antidiarrheal |
| Prevent or arrest vomiting | Antiemetics |
| Induce vomiting | Emetics |
| Blood test to determine levels or alcohol in the blood | Alcohol toxicology |
| A blood test to monitor the course of cancer therapy | Carcinoembryonic antigen |
| X-ray examination of the common bile, cystic and hepatic ducts after radiopaque dye ingestion | Cholangiography |
| X-ray examination of the gallbladder after radiopaque dye injection | Cholecystography |
| Direct visual examination of the colon via a colonscope | Colonscopy |
| A panel of 14 blood tests related to a patient's metabolism | Comprehensive metabolic panel |
| An x-ray examination of the biliary and pancreatic ducts after contract medium injection | Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
| An endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| Direct visual examination of the colon via a flexible colonscope | Fiberoptic colonscopy |
| A blood test to determine the level of GGT enzyme | Gamma-glutamyl transferase |
| Test of the stomach contents to determine secretions, the amount of HCI and the absence or presence of blood bacteria bile and fatty acids | Gastric analysis |
| A fluoroscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine after barium ingestion | Gastrointestinal series |
| Blood test used to find markers of hepatitis infection | Hepatitis panel |
| Microscopic examination of liver tissue to diagnose cirrhosis, hepatitis and tumors | Liver biopsy |
| Fecal test to determine gastrointestinal bleeding that is not visible | Occult blood test |
| Performed on stool to identify ova and parasites | Ova and parasites test |
| Performed on stool to identify bacteria causing lower digestive tract infections | Stool culture |
| Test to visualize the gallbladder or liver using high-frequency sound waves | Ultrasonography |
| Direct visual examination of the gastric mucosa via a flexible fiberscope | Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy |
Created by:
irmasanccheez
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