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Chp 26-27
Cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accelerated hypertension | markedly elevated blood pressure accompanied by hemorrhages and exudates in the eyes |
| Aldosterone | adrenal hormone that causes salt and water to be reabsorbed, increasing blood pressure |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | substance in the lungs that allows angiotensin I to be changed into angiotensin II, a powerful casoconstrictor |
| Angiotensin II | raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction via sympathetic nervous stimulation and increased secretion of aldosterone |
| Angiotensinogen | protein released by the liver and converted by renin into angiotensin I |
| Central aortic systolic pressure | blood pressure at the root of the aorta as blood is pumped from the left ventricle |
| Essential hypertension | sustained elevated blood pressure with no known cause |
| Hypernatremia | elevated sodium level |
| Hypertension | sustained elevation of systolic arterial blood pressure of 140mm Hg or higher, a sustained diastolic arterial blood pressure of 90mm Hg or higher, or both |
| Hypertensive cardiovascular disease | stage of hypertension when elevated blood pressure causes both cardiac abnormality and vascular damage |
| Hypertensive heart disease | stage of hypertension when elevated blood pressure causes a cardiac abnormality |
| Hypertensive vascular disease | stage of hypertension when elevated blood pressure causes vascular damage without heart involvement |
| Malignant hypertension | dangerously elevated blood pressure accompanied by papilledema |
| Natriuretic factor | hormone produced by the heart, a deficiency of which causes arteries and arterioles to remain in a state of sustained vasoconstriction |
| Papilledema | swelling of the optic nerve |
| Prehypertension | systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89mm Hg |
| Renin | chemical released by the kidneys to raise blood pressure and increase vascular fluid volume in response to renal hypo-perfusion |
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | chain of chemicals that increases both blood pressure and blood volume |
| Secondary hypertension | elevated blood pressure that results from some other disorder |
| Stage 1 hypertension | systolic blood pressure of 140-150mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 99mm Hg |
| Stage 2 hypertension | systolic blood pressure that equals or exceeds 160mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure that equals or exceeds 100mm Hg |
| Systolic blood pressure | arterial pressure during ventricular contraction |
| White-coat hypertension | elevated blood pressure that develops during evaluation by medical personnel as a result of anxiety |
| Arrhythmia | erratic heart rhythm or rate that is too fast or slow; sometimes referred to as dysrhythmias |
| Asystole | absence of heart contraction -cardiac arrest |
| Atrial fibrillation | cardiac rhythm disorder in which several areas in the right atrium initiate disorganized, rapid impulses causing the atria to quiver rather than contract |
| Atrial flutter | cardiac rhythm disorder in which a single atrial impulse outside the sinoatrial node causes the atria to contract at an exceedingly rapid rate (200-400 times/min) |
| Automated external defibrillator (AED) | portable device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm |
| Bigeminy | cardiac rhythm pattern in which every other heart beat is a premature ventricular contraction |
| Cardiac rhythm | pattern (or pace) of the heartbeat |
| Chemical cardioversion | use of drugs to eliminate a dysrhythmia |
| Couplets | two premature ventricular contractions in a row |
| Defibrillation | emergency procedure that uses electrical energy to stop a life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmia |
| Demand (synchronous) mode pacemakers | pacemaker that self-activates when a client's heart rate falls below a certain level |
| Ectopic pacemaker site | conductive tissue that initiates an electrical impulse independently of the sinoatrial node |
| Elective electrical cardioversion | nonemergency procedure to stop rapid atrial dysrhythmias in which a machine delivers an electrical stimulation that does not disrupt the heart during ventricular repolarization |
| Electrophysiology study | procedure- enables physician to examine electrical activity of heart, produce arrhythmias by stimulating structures in conduction pathway, find best method for preventing more dysrhythmic episodes, &, eradicate precise location in heart making dysrthymia |
| Fixed-rate (asynchronous) mode pacemakers | cardiac device that produces an electrical stimulus at a preset rate (usually 72 to 80 beats/min), despite the client's natural heart rate and rhythm |
| Heart block | disorders in the conduction pathway that interfere with the transmission of impulses from the sinoatrial node through the atrioventricular node to the ventricles |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | surgically implanted device to treat life-threatening arrhythmias |
| Implanted pacemaker | permanent electrical device use to manage a chronic bradydysrhythmia |
| Maze procedure | surgical procedure to treat atrial fibrillation in which a new conduction pathway is created that eliminates the rapid firing of ectopic pacemaker sites in the atria |
| Multifocal PVCs | pattern of premature ventricular contractions originating from more than one ectopic location |
| Pacemaker | device that provides an electrical stimulus to the heart muscle to treat an abnormally slow cardiac rhythm |
| Premature atrial contraction | early electrical impulse initiated be neural tissue in the atria |
| Premature ventricular contraction | ventricular contraction that occurs early and independently in the cardiac cycle before the sinoatrial node initiates an electrical impulse |
| Radiofrequency catheter ablation | procedure in which a heated catheter tip destroys arrhythmia-producing tissue |
| R-on-T phenomenon | premature ventricular contraction whose R wave falls on the T wave of the preceding complex |
| Sinus bradycardia | arrhythmia that proceeds normally through the conduction pathway but at a slower than usual rate (equal to or less than 60 beats/min) |
| Sinus tachycardia | arrhythmia that proceeds normally through the conduction pathway but at a faster than usual rate (100-150 beats/min) |
| Supraventricular tachycardia | atrial arrhythmia in which the heart rate is dangerously high (equal to or greater than 150 beats/min) |
| Surgical ablation | restores the normal conduction pathway in the atria by eliminating the rapid firing of ectopic pacemaker sites using scar-forming techniques |
| Tachyarrhythmias | abnormally fast cardiac rhythm |
| Transcutaneous pacemaker | external pacemaker used as a temporary, emergency measure for maintaining adequate heart rate |
| Transvenous pacemaker | temporary pulse-generating device that is used to manage transient bradydysrhythmias such as those that occur during acute myocardial infarctions or after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or to override tachydysrhythmias |
| Ventricular fibrillation | cardiac arrhythmia in which the ventricles do not contract effectively and there is no cardiac output |
| Ventricular tachycardia | arrhythmia in which a single, irritable focus in the ventricle causes the ventricles to beat very fast and cardiac output is decreased |
| Wireless intracardiac pacemaker | inserted non surgically with a catheter that extends from femoral vein to right ventricle. self contained batter, electronics, and electrodes |
| Angiotensin I | substance split by angiotensin-converting enzyme to produce angiotensin II |
| Diastolic blood pressure | arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation |
| Bradyarrhythmia | abnormally slow cardiac rhythm |
Created by:
ahoyyitbeaddi
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