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Exam 1 - Micro
chapters 1, 3, 4, and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1cm= __m | 0.01m |
| 1mm = __m | 0.001m |
| 1 micrometer = __ m | 0.000001m |
| 1 nm = __ m | 0.000000001m |
| two names that make up a scientific name: | genus (always cap) and species |
| the scientific name is 2 things: | descriptive and honors the scientist |
| characteristics of bacteria: | - prokaryote - single celled - peptidogylcan cell wall - binary fission |
| binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where | single cells copy themselves |
| this type of microorganism is an eukaryote, that absorbs/ingests chemicals. it is single celled, motile and can produce asexually or sexually... | protozoa |
| 5 characteristics of fungi: | eukaryote. chitin cell walls. gets energy from organic chemicals. can be unicellar (yeasts) or multicellular (mold/mushrooms) |
| algae are tiny plants that are ___ | eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis and produce molecular O2 & organic compounds... |
| viruses are 100x smaller than | bacteria |
| this microorganism is: - acellular - DNA/RNA core - parasite. only lives in a host cell | virus |
| ___ is a prokaryote that are found in extreme environments. | archae |
| archae are broken into 3 groups: | - methagens - extreme halophiles - extreme thermophiles |
| what are the 3 domains | 1. bacteria 2. archae 3. eukaryotes |
| what are the 4 groups of eukaryotes | protists. fungi, plants. animals |
| mycology is the study of__ | bacteria |
| spontaneous generation : | living organisms arise from NONliving things |
| living things can only come from OTHER LIVING things is known as | biogenesis |
| the cell theory states that: | all living things are composed of cells |
| what 2 people contributed to the cell theory? | Hooke & Leeuwenhoek |
| normal microbiota is | healthy microbes that helps maintain our health |
| 2 benefits of microbiota | - prevents pathogen growth - produce growth factors |
| the body's ability to ward off disease is known as | resistance |
| 3 ways resistance is provided... | stomach acid, skin and antimicrobial chemicals |
| EIDS are | new and incidence increasing diseases |
| who came up w/ aseptic surgery | Lister |
| who contributed to the germ theory of disease | Koch & Pasteur |
| germ theory of disease... | a specific microbe leads to a specific disease |
| Ehlrich came up w. the ___ | magic bullet - specific invader is targeted |
| the magic bullet was found using | chemo and syphilis treatment |
| 1st antibiotic (penicillin) was created by | Fleming |
| Jenner invented ___ | 1st vaccination |
| who founded the cell theory | Virchow |
| Needham invented __ | spontaneous generation |
| who disproved spontaneous generation | Spallanzani |
| we calculate total magnification by | ocular lens x objective lens |
| which lens is usually 10x | ocular |
| this lens can vary from 4x, 10x, 40x or 100x | objective |
| the ocular lens (eyepiece): | re-magnifies image formed by objective lens |
| what part of the scope transmits the image | body tube |
| this lens is the primary lens that magnifies image | objective lens |
| this part of scope focuses light on entering image | condenser |
| the diaphragm... | controls amount of light entering condenser |
| what is the purpose of fixing a slide? | kills bacteria and adhesion |
| negative staining is used for | staining background instead of cell - seen w/ capsules |
| purpose of simple stain | single dye. determines cell's shape and arrangement |
| methlyene blue, crystal violet and safranin are examples of : | simple stains |
| purpose of mordant | helps intensifies stain by attaching stain to organism |
| steps of gram staining | 1. crystal violet - primary stain 2. mordant - iodine 3. decolorizer - alcohol (washes away stain from gram -) 4. countertsain - safranin |
| purpose of gram stain | classifies bacteria into 2 groups and tells us about cell wall & how to kill bacteria |
| purpose of the mordant (iodine) in the gram staining process | makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell wall |
| what does the decolorizer do? | washes away the stain from the gram (-) , alcohol pops the cell wall |
| critical step in gram staining technique... | decolorizer |
| simple stains are stained with ___ soln | alcohol or aq soln |
| purpose of the acid-fast stain | identify mycobacterium and nocardia (tuberculosis and leprosy) |
| endospores ensures that... | endospores survive |
| a stain is an acid-fast if if appears ___ | red |
| a nonacid fast stain appears | blue |
| the flagella stain is used to determine | presence of flagella - used as diagnostic aid |
| the 3 types of stains are | simple. differential. special. |
| the differential stains are | gram and acid fast |
| endospore, flagella and negative stains are apart of the ___ stain | special |
| bacillus | rod-shaped |
| coccus | spherical shaped |
| spirochetes | are very flexible |
| spirillium has ___ bodies | rigid |
| diplo- | pairs |
| staphy- | clusters |
| strept- | chains |
| eukaryotes v prokaryotes | eukaryotes has organelles. histones. paired chromosomes and polysaccharides prokary has no organelles, no histones, one circular chromosome and has a peptidoglycan cell wall (bacteria) and pseudomurein. (archae) |
| glycocalyx | sticky layer, outside cell wall. attached to cell wall (capsule) unorganized? slimy layer |
| this structure is used for motility, propels bacteria | flagella |
| axial filaments are | a type of flagella - only found in spirochetes. wrapped around flagella. |
| fimbrae causes | adhesion and attachment, thinner filaments |
| this structure facilitates DNA from 1 cell to another, thicker filaments | pili |
| major funcrions of bacteria cell wall | protection. gives shape/structure. prevents lysis (cell bursting) |
| site of antibiotics | cell wall |
| 2 major cell wall classes | gram (+) and (-) |
| how do the gram (+) and (-) cell walls differ? | gram (+) has thicker peptidoglycan cell wall. teichoic acid. CV-1 gets trapped gram (-) has thin cell wall. periplasmic space (enxymes/proteins). lipid membrane. CV-1 washes out bc so thin |
| what is the mechanism of the gram staining cell walls? | the alcohol is going to either dehydrate (+) or dissolve(-) the peptidoglycan cell wall. |
| purpose of prokaryotic plasma membrane | separates cell from its environment |
| this is how molecules move across the plasma membrane. goes from low to high concentration - up the gradient | active transport |
| simple v facilitated diffusion | facilitated needs a transporter protein because the molecules are so big |
| similarities of simple & facilitated diffusion | they both are passive transports going from high to low concentration. |
| osmosis is the movement of... | water from high --> low concentration |
| is osmosis active or passive? | passive |
| in a hypertonic solution, a cell will.... | shrink - more solutes than water |
| the cell with swell in a ___ solution because... | hypotonic - there's more water than solutes |
| an isotonic solution | has equal solutes and water |
| endospores are the dormant/resting version of a ___ | vegetative cell |
| sporulation is | vegatative cell ---> endospore |
| endospore --> vegetative cell is called | germination |
| smooth ER | synthesizes steroids/lipids |
| rough ER | ribosomes |
| golgi complex | modification |
| this organelle is responsible for protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| this organelle has centrioles for mitotic spindle formation | centrosome |
| this organelle has oxidation enzymes | peroxisomes |
| vacuoles | large cavity/storage space |
| lysosomes | digestive enzyme |
| chloroplasts | contains chrolophyll & enzymes needed for photosynthesis |
| what is the endiosymbiotic theory? | origin of eukaryote cells |
| metabolism | build up and break down of nutrients in a cell |
| components of an enzyme | apoenzymes. cofactor/coenzyme. holenyzme |
| apoenyzmes | protein portion of enyzme |
| non protein portion of enzyme | holoenzyme |
| cofactor/coenzyme | activator |
| factors that affect enzyme activity | temperature. pH. inhibitor. substrate concentration |
| competitive inhibition | competes for binding to active site |
| this inhibition has no competition here. interacts w/ another part of an enzyme --> causes site to change | noncompetitive |
| feedback inhibition... | stops the cell from making more substance |
| where is ATP produced in eukaryote and prokaryotes.. | mitochondria and plasma membrane |
| photo trophs gains energy from | the light |
| this -troph depends on oxidation-reduction reactions for energy | chemotroph |
| autotrophs use __ for energy | co2 - primary carbon source |
| this -troph is a feeder on others. requires carbon source | hetertroph |
| aerobic v anaerobic | aerobic: uses o2 -- final e- acceptor. anaerobic: final e- acceptor is NOT o2. yields less energy than aerobic |
| when electrons are transferred from organic compounds --> electron carriers this is known as | oxidation phosphorylation aka ETC |
| this phosphorylation transfers from phosphate -- adp to make ATP | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| photophosphorylation is | light causes chlorophyll to give up e- |
Created by:
Mariahj25
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