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Biology Module 6
Terms and definitions for Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology, 2nd edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | the transport of dissolved substances into cells |
| Digestion | the breakdown of absorbed substances |
| Respiration | the breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy |
| Excretion | the removal of soluble waste materials |
| Egestion | the removal of non-soluble waste materials |
| Secretion | the release of biosynthesized substances |
| Homeostasis | maintaining the status quo |
| Reproduction | producing more cells |
| Cytology | the study of cells |
| Cell wall | a rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
| Middle lamella | the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Plasma membrane | the semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall of the cell's surroundings |
| Cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Ions | substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement |
| Mitochondria | the organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| Lysosome | the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids |
| Ribosomes | non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | an organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Golgi bodies | the organelles in which proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
| Leucoplasts | organelles that store starches or oils |
| Chromoplasts | organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis |
| Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes |
| Waste vacuoles | vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion |
| Phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells |
| Phagocytic vacuole | a vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs |
| Pinocytic vesicle | vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules |
| Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released |
| Microtubules | spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
| Nuclear membrane | a highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Chromatin | clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of fivers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| Microfilaments | fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
| Intermediate filaments | threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
| Phospholipid | a lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group |
| Passive transport | movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion |
| Active transport | movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy |
| Isotonic solution | a solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell that resides in the solution |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell which resides in the solution |
| Activation energy | energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going |
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