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Sonia Smith
Anatomy & Physiology Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. | anterior |
| The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. | superior |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavities. | abdominal and pelvic |
| Which letter indicates the mental region? | Chin area |
| Anatomy is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | structure |
| The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a vertebral cavity. TRUE or FALSE | False |
| Muscles are ________ to the skin. | deep |
| A coronal section through the human body can | pass through both ears. |
| The ________ system is involved in immunity. | lymphatic |
| Which letter indicates the popliteal region? | Behind the knee cap |
| Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | developmental anatomy |
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back. |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| Another name for the midsagittal plane is | median |
| Which letter indicates the umbilical region? | Belly button area |
| The inguinal region lies | where the thigh joins the trunk. |
| An example of a tissue in the body is | epithelium |
| Physiology is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | function |
| The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity. | dorsal |
| Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? | gallbladder |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | coronal |
| The knee is ________ to the foot. | proximal |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means | toward the head. |
| The brain is ________ to the skull. | deep |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. | superior |
| All of the following are characteristics of human life except | synthesis by scientists. |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? | spinal cord |
| _____ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ. | Medullary; cortical |
| Which letter indicates the femoral region? | Thigh (above the knee cap) |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| The structure that is called the “powerhouse” of the cell is the: | mitochondria |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue. |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: | sagittal. |
| Molecules are: | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | front and back |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? | Superficial |
| Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? | Balance |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| The number of abdominal regions is: | nine |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral/dorsal. |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | organ |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): | tissue. |
| Blood production is a function of which system? | Skeletal |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint? | Umbilicus |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are: | cells |
| The mediastinum contains all of the following except the: | right lung. |
| Popliteal refers to the: | area behind the knee. |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is: | coronal |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? | Arms extended from the shoulders, palms up |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the: | heart |
| The gallbladder lies in the: | abdominal cavity. |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n): | tissue |
| The lungs are located in the: | thoracic cavity. |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane. | transverse |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: | ureter |
| The normal reading or range is called the | set point. |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range. |
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow is called | feed-forward. |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | All of these are components of a feedback control loop. sensor mechanism integrating center effector feedback |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | intracellular. intrinsic. extrinsic. All of these are correct. |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms. |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference? | afferent |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | homeostasis. |
| Local control or _____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals. | autoregulation |
| Effectors can be described as | organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables. |
| Processes for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | homeostatic control mechanisms. |
| Which level of control operates at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function? | intracellular regulation |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called | circadian cycles. |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | positive feedback. |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a(n) | feedback control loop. |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation? | nervous & endocrine |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | positive |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | hypothalamus. |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. All of the above are correct. |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence distribution transmission All of the above are correct. |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change. |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development. |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment Stress Lifestyle All of the above |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses. |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions. |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | set point. |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy. |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis & a negative-feedback mechanism. |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | sensor mechanism integrating center effector feedback All of these are components of a feedback control loop. |
| Hydrolysis _____ a water molecule. | breaks down compounds by adding |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a: | synthesis reaction. |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96% |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | isotope. |
| Electrolytes are: | called cations if they have a positive charge. |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be | polar. |
| The atomic number tells you the | number of protons in the nucleus. |
| Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the: | transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
| Salts: | can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases. are electrolytes. will form crystals if the water is removed. All of the above are correct. |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | polar. |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | element. |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | decomposition reaction |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | Protons and electrons |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. | eight |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called: | covalent. |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells? | metabolism |
| A weak acid: | dissociates very little in solution. |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: | protons in its nucleus. |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon. |
| Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. This tendency is called the | octet rule. |
| The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains: | eight protons. |
| A molecule that is polar: | can form a hydrogen bond & has an unequal charge. |
| A force holding two atoms together is a(n) | chemical bond. |
| Which of the following is not a subatomic particle? | Radon |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called | electrolytes. |
| Acids | release hydrogen ions. |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must: | lose an electron. |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | hydrolysis |
| What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond? | hydrolysis |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond. | covalent |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the: | solution becomes more basic & pH rises. |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. | down; acidic |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? | Iron |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: | one proton and two neutrons. |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n): | electron. |
| An example of a catabolic process is: | hydrolysis. |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: | two. |
| In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will: | turn blue. |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: | bases. |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | decomposition |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | protons and neutrons. |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? | High specific heat High heat of vaporization Strong polarity |
| An example of a catabolic process is: | hydrolysis |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. | alkaline (basic) |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| The approximate pH of gastric fluid is: | 2. |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: | solution becomes more acidic. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: | catabolism. anabolism. ATP requirements. all of the above. |
| The octet rule refers to the: | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12; 13; 10 |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | protons. |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: | catabolism. anabolism. ATP requirements. all of the above. |
| An example of an element would be: | Ne. |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | Four |
| Acids: | are proton donors. taste sour. release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. All of the above are true of acids. |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share: | electrons. |
| An ionic bond is formed by: | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| Which of the following bonds are the weakest? | Hydrogen |
| All proteins have which four elements? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. TRUE or FALSE | False |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. TRUE or FALSE | True |
| The most important monosaccharide is | glucose. |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | prostaglandin. |
| Proteins are polymers of | amino acids. |
| Which of these is not a lipid? | polysaccharide |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | hydrophilic |
| What determines how a protein performs? | shape |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate bond is a | nucleic acid. |
| In base pairing of DNA molecules, _____ is bound to _____. | adenine; thymine |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. TRUE or FALSE | False |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as animal starch? | Glycogen |
| DNA and RNA are important because | information molecules. |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bond is formed and an H+ ion is released. TRUE or FALSE | False |
| ATP | is the form of energy that cells generally use. |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | polymer. |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | organic molecules. |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecules? | functional group |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled. |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | microtubules |
| This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes. | peroxisome |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the | nucleus. |
| Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? | They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. <-------- They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. Some attach to the glycocalyx. Most extend all the way through the membrane. |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | gap junction |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane. |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondrion. |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm. |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. | mitochondria |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. | Golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? | centriole |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. | lysosome |
| In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called | transport proteins. |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. |
| The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except | tubulin protein. |
| Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | mitochondrion |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | control what enters and leaves the cell. |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | peroxisome |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | microvilli |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? | Nucleus |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | peroxisomes. |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? | Mitochondrion |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus |
| A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the: | flagellum. |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes |
| Rafts are stiff groupings of membrane molecules. What is their function? | Help organize the various components of the plasma membrane. Play an important role in the pinching of a parent cell into two daughter cells. Sometimes allow the cell to form depressions that form a means of carrying substances into the cell. ALL |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | chromatin. |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol |
| Which of the following is not true about ribosomes? | Surrounded by a membrane structure |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the: | lysosome. |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: | phospholipid bilayer. |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: | desmosomes. |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the: | glycoprotein molecules. |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium |
| Main cell structures include all of the following except: | interstitial fluid. |
| In the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule: | faces the exterior of the cell & faces the interior of the cell. |
| The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center. | centrosome |
| Which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | It makes lipids and carbohydrates. |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? | Mitochondrion |
| Which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle? | Ribosome |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of: | rRNA. |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | plasma membrane. |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: | microvilli. |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | microvilli. |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: | female sex cell or ovum. |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called: | caveolae. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins? | Acting as receptors Signal transduction Identification of “self” All of the above are functions of the integral membrane proteins. |
| A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments. |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the: | cell. |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called: | cilia. |
| The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are: | lysosomes & peroxisomes. |
| Which of the following does not describe a structure or function of the proteasome? | Breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER. Looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits. Requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in. ALL |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | hypertonic. |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | nitrogen base. |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | phagocytosis. |
| Which of the following phases is NOT correctly matched with its description? | metaphase – chromosomes align along the center of the cell anaphase – mitosis is complete <----- prophase – chromatin condenses into chromosomes telophase – nuclear envelope reappears |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | enzymes. |
| Which of the following is an active transport process? | endocytosis |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n) | codon. |
| Normal mitosis results in | cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases, including all of the following except | karyophase. |
| Diffusion can be defined as | the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| Meiotic division occurs in | primitive sex cells. |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as _________ number. | diploid |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the net movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | transcription and translation. |
| RNA makes proteins by | translation. |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | does not depend on cell energy. |
| Transcription can best be described as the | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiosis? | two haploid gametes |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase? | S phase |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | citric acid cycle. |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are placed in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at equal rates. |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | oxygen. |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | anaphase |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called _____ pressure. | osmotic |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n) | catalyst. |
| The result of meiosis is | four daughter cells that are haploid. |
| Diffusion moves | down a concentration gradient. |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | cytoplasm |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n) | allosteric effector. |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | collagen |
| All glands in the body can be classified as either | exocrine or endocrine. |
| Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? | cardiac |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron. |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | stratum corneum |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a principal type of tissue? | cardiac |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane. |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin. |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | extracellular matrix. |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle. |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which of the following tissues lacks a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen. |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis. |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans. |
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