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Hist of Micro
Chapter 1 BIO 275
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who pioneered the making of microscopes (often one per specimen): | Leeuwenhoek |
| What did Leeuwenhoek primarily examine? | water and "tiny animals/beasties" |
| What were the "beasties" Leeuwenhoek examined eventually named? | microorganisms |
| What were the two components of Leeuwenhoek's microscope? | lens and specimen holder |
| Who developed taxonomic classification of similar plants and animals? | Linnaeus |
| 6 categories of Leeuwenhoek's organisms: | Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, multicellular organisms |
| Who 1st discovered the bacterial world? | Leeuwenhoek |
| What are the 2 prokaryotes? | Bacteria and archaea |
| what is the main characteristic of prokaryotes? | cells that lack nuclei- thus genes NOT surrounded by a membrane |
| How do all prokaryotic cells reproduce? | Asexually |
| How do prokaryotes compare to Eukaryotes in terms of size? | smaller |
| T/F: most bacteria cause disease: | false |
| Define peptidoglycan: | polyacrylamide making up cell wall of bacteria |
| Do all bacteria contain peptidoglycan? | no, because not all have cell walls |
| Do archaea contain peptoglycan? | NO, their cell walls are composed of polymers |
| Types of Eukaryotes: | fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals |
| What are the 2 types of fungi? | molds and yeast |
| Why are fungi distinct from plants? | obtain food from other organisms (don't make their own) |
| Where are prokaryotes found? | everywhere there is sufficient moisture |
| Do fungi have cell walls? | yes |
| Characteristics of molds: | multicellular grow as long filaments reproduce by sexual and asexual spores |
| Characteristics of yeast: | unicellular reproduce asexually by budding some produce sexual spores typically round |
| Characteristics of Protozoa: | single-celled similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure live freely in water/animal hosts mostly asexual reproduction but some sexual most capable of locomotion |
| What are the 3 modes of protozoa transportation? | pseudopods, cilia, flagellum |
| Characteristics of Algae: | uni/multicellular "photosynthetic Eukaryotes" (make own food from CO2 and H2O using energy from the sun simple reproductive structures categorized based on pigmentation and comp of cell wall |
| What microorganism did Leeuwenhoek not identify? | viruses |
| Does life spontaneously generate? | no |
| Philosophers/scientists of the past thought life was generated how? | sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, nonliving matter |
| Who proposed spontaneous generation? | Aristotle |
| Describe Redi's experiment: | when decaying meat was kept from flies, maggots never formed meat exposed to flies was soon infested |
| What did Redi's experiment lead to in the scientific community? | doubt of Aristotle's theory |
| What did Needham experiment on/prove? | scientists at this time thought large animals couldn't spontaneously appear, but thought microbes still could; experiment with meat/gravy infusion reinforced this idea**WRONG |
| Spallanzani's experiments contradicted who? | Needham |
| 3 conclusions of Spallanzani: | N didn't heat vials sufficiently to kill all microbes or hadn't sealed them tightly enough Microorgs exist in air and can contaminate experiments Spontaneous generation of microorganisms does not occur; all living things arise from other living things |
| What did critics of Spallanzani say? | too tightly sealed to allow organisms to survive & heated too long which killed "life force" |
| What kind of flasks did Pasteur use? | Swan necked |
| What evidence did Pasteur's data support and how? | Spontaneous generation ISN'T correct*** bc when flasks remained upright, no microbes appeared BUT when flask was tilted so dust entered, microbes appeared in a day + dust |
| What debate contributed significantly to the development of the scientific method? | spontaneous generation |
| Describe the scientific method: | observ---? ? --- hypothesis hypoth -leads to--experimental design ED---collect/analyze data Approve/or/disprove hypoth? |
| Accepted hypotheses lead to... | theory/law development |
| Rejected hypotheses lead too... | new hypotheses + rejected/modified |
| What skyrocketed fermentation research? | spoiled wine threatened the livelihood of many grape growers- thus, funded by wine makers |
| the debate of what causes fermentation was closely related to what? | debate on spontaneous generation |
| Who proved the cause of fermentation? | Pasteur |
| How did Pasteur experiment and what did he find? | put various substances into wine (sealed) and observed what happened: wine with bacteria produced acid and wine with yeast produced alchohol |
| Pasteur's experiments led to the development of what? | pasteurization |
| What is pasteurization? | the process of heating a liquid just enough to kill most of the bacteria |
| Pasteur's work began what field? | industrial microbiology |
| What is industrial microbiology? | intentional use of microbes for the manufacturing of products |
| What did Buchner's experiments prove? | demonstrated fermentation doesn't require living cells; showed enzymes required chemical reactions |
| Buchner's experiments lead to the emerging of what field? | biochemistry |
| Who developed germ theory for disease? | Pasteur |
| What is germ theory for disease? | Some diseases are caused by specific germs called pathogens |
| What did Koch study? | causative agents of disease |
| Koch proved a bacteria caused what disease? | Anthrax |
| What did Koch examine? | colonies of microorganisms |
| What things were produced from Koch's experiments? | simple staining techniques, 1st photos of bacteria, 1st photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue, technique to # bacteria in a solution, steam for sterilizing growth media, petri dish use, lab tech to transfer bacteria |
| Who discovered bacteria as a distinct species? | Koch |
| What are Koch's postulates? | Suspected causative agent must be in every case of dis. and absent from healthy Agent must be isolated and grown outside host When agent's introduced to healthy, susceptible host, host must get dis. Same agent must be found in dis'd experimental host |
| Gram is most remembered for what? | most widely used staining technique |
| What does staining allow for? | bacteria ID |
| Gram positive are what color? | purple |
| Gram negative are what color? | negative |
| Which medical professionals played a part in sanitation as a form of disease prevention? | Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, Snow |
| Semmelweis emphasized what for disease prevention? | handwashing |
| Lister created what for disease provention? | antiseptic technique |
| Nightingale emphasized sanitation in what medical profession? | nursing |
| Snow is most known for what? | infection control and epidemiology |
| Jenner influenced what field of science? | Immunology |
| Ehrlich influenced what field of science? | chemotherapy |
| Kochs postulates lead to the discovery of what field? | Etiology |
| Buchner lead to discovery of what field (s)? | microbial metabolism genetics genetic modification |
| Fleming lead to discovery of what field? | Pharmaceutical microbiology |
| Bacteriology studies... | bacteria and archaea |
| phycology studies... | algae |
| Mycology studies... | fungi |
| Protozoology studies... | protozoa |
| Parasitology studies... | parasitic protozoa and parasitic animals |
| virology studies... | viruses |
| microbial biology studies... | Biochemistry: chemical reactions within cells |
| Microbial genetics studies... | functions of DNA and RNA |
| Eniornmental microbiology studies... | Relationships between micobes and among microbes, other organisms and their enviornments |
| Serology is the study of... | Antibodies in blood serum, particularly as an indicator of infection |
| Immunology is the study of... | body's defense against specific diseases |
| Epidemiology is the study of... | frequency, distribution, and spread of diseases |
| Etiology is the study of... | the cause of disease |
| Infection control is... | Hygiene in a healthcare setting and control of nosocomial infections |
| What is chemotherapy? | Development and use of drugs to treat infections diseases |
| Bio remediation is... | use of microbes to reduce pollutants |
| What is public health microbiology? | sewage treatment, water purification, and control of insects that spread disease |
| What is agricultural microbiology? | use of microbes to control insects sand pests |
| Pharmaceutical microbiology | manufacture of vaccines and antibiotics |
| What is recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)? | Alteration of useful genes to synthesize useful products |
| Biochemistry began with whose work? | Pasteur on fermentation & Buchner's discovery of enzymes in yeast extract |
| Whose microbes were used as a model for biochemical reactions? | Kluyver and van Niel |
| 4 practical applications of Kluyver and van Niel's work: | Design of herbicides and pesticides Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients’ responses to treatment Treatment of metabolic diseases Drug design |
| What fields detail how genes work? | Microbial genetics Molecular biology Recombinant DNA technology Gene therapy |
| What three scientists said that genes are contained in molecules of DNA? | Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty |
| Who established that a gene's activity is related to protein function? | Beadle and Tatum |
| Molecular biology is... | an explanation of cell function at a cellular level |
| Pauline proposed that gene sequences could... | Provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes Establish taxonomic categories to reflect these relationships Identify existence of microbes that have never been cultured |
| What did Woese and Fox determine | cells can be categorized as Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Archaea |
| Cat scratch disease is caused by what? | unculturable organism |
| What is Recombinant DNA technology? | Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications |
| What are endospores? | formation of resting stages within the bacterial cells |
| What is gene therapy? | Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells |
| What does bioremediation use and what does it do with those microorganisms? | uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments |
| Bioremediation recycles what? | chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur |
| Bioremediation can help determine what? | causation for diseases |
| What's serology? | the study of blood serum |
| What scientists are associated with serology? | Von Behring and Kitasato (existence in the blood of chemicals that fight infection) |
| Immunology is... | the study of the body's defenses against specific pathogens |
| Chemo therapists and their major discoveries: | Fleming discovered penicillin Domagk discovered sulfa drugs |
| What are nosocomial infections? | rampant in the 1800s, healthcare associated infections |
Created by:
smhoffman
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