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sboggs2398
Altered Perfusion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| afterload | the amount of pressure in the ventricle toward the end of the cardiac contraction |
| anaphylactic shock | A condition of impaired tissue perfusion from shock because of a massive immune (type 1 or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response |
| aneurysms | Local outpouring caused by weakness in the vessel wall |
| angina pectoris | Chest pain or pressure that is intermittent and associated with myocardial ischemia, a reduction in blood flow to the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis often accompanied by vasospasm |
| atherosclerosis | A condition of irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the inner lining, or intima, of large of medium arteries |
| atrioventricular node (AV) | Connects the conduction of impulses between the atria and ventricles |
| baroreceptors | Located throughout the blood vessels and the heart; sense pressure changes in the arteries and alert the cardiac control center in the brainstem |
| Bifurcations | Regions wherein a vessel branches |
| Blood pressure | The pressure or tension of the blood within the systemic arteries |
| Cardiac contractility | The ability of the heart to increase the force of contraction without changing the diastolic (resting) pressure |
| Cardiac cycle | Refers to one contraction and one relaxation phase of the heart |
| Cardiac dysrhythmias | A category of problems with maintaining an efficient heart rhythm, such as impairments of the sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, cardiac cells that join the SA and AV nodes, or conduction systems in the atria or ventricles |
| Cardiac output | The volume of blood pumped from the ventricles in 1 minute |
| Cardiogenie shock | The result of inadequate or ineffective cardiac pumping |
| Congestive heart failure | Occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is ineffective and blood backs up into the pulmonary vein and subsequently into the lung tissue=es; results in pulmonary edema; also called left heart failure |
| Cor pulmonale | An alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle. A used by a primary disorder of the respiratory system |
| Diastole | The relaxation of the heart that allows blood to fill the ventricles |
| Diastolic blood pressure | The amount of pressure that remains in the aorta during the resting phase of the cardiac cycle |
| Diastolic failure | Failure that occurs with stiffness of the ventricle and loss of relaxation ability, which impairs the heart’s ability to optimally fill with blood between cardiac contractions |
| Disseminated intravasular coagulation | A condition of uncontrolled activation of clotting factors resulting in widespread thrombi formation followed by depletion of coagulation factors and platelets; leads to massive hemorrhage |
| Ecchymoses | Bruises from superficial bleeding into the skin |
| Embolus | Any plug of material, such as thrombi, air, neoplasms, microorganisms, or amniotic fluid, that travels in the circulation and can obstruct the lumen of a vessel |
| Endocardium | The inner lining of the heart that forms a continuous layer of endothelium that joints the arteries and veins to the heart, forming a closed circulatory system |
| Fibrillation | A problem of the heart chamber vibrating instead of effectively pumping |
| Fibrinolysis | The dissolution of blood clots |
| Heart block | The obstruction of cardiac conduction, often at the atrioventricular node, leading to heart dysrhythmias |
| Heart failure | Reflects an inadequacy of heart pumping so that the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood |
| Heart rate | The number of heartbeats that occur in 1 minutes |
| Hematoma | Larger accumulations of blood in the tissue |
| Hemorrhage | The loss of blood through the vessel wall |
| Humans sign | A test of foot dorsiflexion, which in the presence of deep vein thrombosis, causes pain in the back of the lower leg |
| Hypertension | A elevation in blood pressure commonly defined by a systolic pressure above 140mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90mm Hg |
| Hypotension | A condition of reduced blood pressure |
| Hypovolemic shock | The result of inadequate blood/plasma volume |
| Infarct | An area of necrosis resulting from a sudden insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply |
| Infarction | The process of obstructing a blood vessel |
| Isolated diastolic hypertension | |
| Isolated systolic hypotension | An elevation in systolic blood pressure without an elevation in the diastolic blood pressure |
| Mean arterial pressure | An adequate measure of systemic: tissue perfusion; is calculated as one-third the pulse pressure plus diastolic pressure |
| Myocardial infarction | The total occlusion of one or more coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and death of myocardial tissues |
| Myocardium | The thick muscular layer of the heart |
| Neurogenic shock | A result of brain or spinal cord injury in which altered neuronal transmission leads to loss of tension in the blood vessels |
| Perfusion | The process of forcing blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue for the purposes of providing oxygen and other nutrients |
| Pericardium | The outer covering of the heart, which holds the heart in place in the chest cavity, contains receptors that assist with the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate,and forms a first line of defense against infection and inflammation |
| Petechiae | Pinpoint hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes |
| Preload | The work imposed on the heart just prior to contraction |
| Pulse pressure | The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure |
| Purpura | The presence of diffuse hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes |
| Regurgitation | A problem of incompetence of the valve; the valve is unable to properly close, allowing reflux of blood |
| Septic shock | A condition of altered perfusion by shock as the result of overwhelming systemic infection, often with gram-negative bacteria (the endotoxins component) leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs |
| Shunting | The movement of blood across the atria or ventricles of the heart |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | The pacemaker of the heart, which generates a rhythmic impulse in the atria paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity |
| Stenosis | A problem in which narrowing of the valve occurs, making it unable to open adequately |
| Stroke | Any clinical event, such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, that leads to the impairment of cerebral circulation |
| Stroke volume | The amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle of the heart in a single beat |
| Systole | A heart contraction that forcefully moves blood out of the ventricles |
| Systolic blood pressure | The amount of pressure exerted during contraction of the left ventricle and ejection of blood into the aorta |
| Systolic failure | Heart failure caused by a loss of contractile ability of the heart |
| Thromboembolus | A situation in which a thrombus breaks off within a vessel and travels to another location in the body |
| Thrombocythemia | A condition of excess platelets in the blood |
| Thrombosis | The formation of a blood clot |
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) | A brief period of inadequate cerebral perfusion causing a sudden focal loss of neurological function; full recovery of function usually occurs within 24 hours |
| Venous stasis | Stagnation of blood in the veins with reduced venous return |
| Ventilation-perfusion ratio | The relationship between inspired oxygen and the pulmonary circulation, which is responsible for transporting the oxygen to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body |
| Virchow triad | Three major factors responsible for thrombus formation: vessel wall damage, excessive clotting, and alterations in blood flow, such as turbulence or sluggish blood movement |
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sboggs2398
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