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Physiology final
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of | positive feedback |
| What pathogen is the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| the body's thermostat is located in the | hypothalamus |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of | the body trying to maintain homeostasis and a negative feedback mechanism |
| the normal reading or range of normal is called the | set point |
| Intrinsic control is sometimes called | autoregulation |
| epidemiology is the study of | occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations |
| Negative feedback machnisms | Minimize changes in blood glucose levels, maintain homeostasis, and are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is high than body temperature |
| which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of | A carbohydrate and a protein with protein being the dominant component |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories | structural and functional |
| sometimes referred to as animal starch, what is the main polysaccaride in the body | glycogen |
| which lipid acts as a tissue hormone | prostaglandin |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids? | degree of saturation |
| prostaglandins and steroids share which characteristics? | both have a ring structure in the molecule |
| DNA | is a double helix strand of nucleotides |
| what is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids | the both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophllic end |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide | maltose |
| Carbohydrates | include substances commonly called sugars, are the body's primary source of energy, and are part of both DNA and RNA |
| which lipid is part of vit D? | Steroid |
| Humans can synthesize 12 of the 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called | essential amino acids |
| amino acids frequently become joined by | peptide bonds |
| If one side of the DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG the other side would be | GATCCCGAC |
| A DNA molecule is not characterized by a | ribose sugar |
| What does not occur during a result of meiosis | chromosome number remains at 46--they are split into haploid #23 |
| what is true about DNA | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is int the cytoplasm |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cell to | hypertrophy |
| the correct order of the phases of mitosis is | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt then a red blood cell would be | hypertonic |
| diffusion reuqires | a concentration gradient |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding sire, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane, This describes the process of | carrier mediated transport |
| the small water channels in the cell membrane are called | aquaporins |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be | an even exchange of material across the membrane |
| phagocytosis is an example of | endocytosis |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by | osmosis |
| what is synonymous with tumor | neoplasm |
| What is true about the sodium potassium pump | three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| which is not true about the sodium potassium pump | sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue | cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways | true |
| which cells form the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood | astrocytes |
| which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue | is important in communication and control |
| In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum | sole of the foot |
| A tissue is | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| what structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina | basement membrane |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by | connective and epithelial tissue |
| what is not a function of adipose tissue | defends the body from microbes and injurious substances |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are | endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus |
| small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases the | amount of calcium in bone increaes, and the level of calcium in the blood decreases |
| bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| in intramembranous ossification the process of appositional growth refers to the | Addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones |
| Normally bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of | 35-40 years |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activiy |
| Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract | false |
| which structure functions to temporarily sore calcium ions | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| white fibers are also called | fast fibers |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis | single unit smooth |
| kicking a football is accomplish by | extension |
| An example of a hinge joins is | interphalangeal joints |
| cross bridges are also called | myosin heads |
| Teh first even to occur in muscle relaxation is that | the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs |
| A condyloid joint is an example of | biaxial joint |
| What describes isometric contraction | static tension |
| after it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum the calcium combines with hich protein | troponin |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg is called | dorsiflexion |
| excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to | initiate an action potential |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called | saltatory condcuction |
| a synaptic knob would be located on an | axon |
| first even t to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open |
| When an impluse reaches a synapse | chemical transmitters are released |
| amino acid Neurotransmitters are | not all inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinepherine are classified as | catalcholamines |
| stimulus gated channels open in response to | sensory stimuli |
| serotonin is an example of | amine neurotransmitter |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a | local potential |
| Spatial summation | neurotransmitters are released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord originates in the brain and terminates in the spinal cord is the | lateral corticospinal |
| which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | if sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it |
| which of the follow is not associated with the occulomotor nerrve | closing and opening of the eye |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus | regulation of motor activity |
| cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the | choroid plexuses |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathtic stimulation except | increased heart rate |
| nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the | sacral plexus |
| a mixed nerve is one that | carries both sensory and motor fibers |
| how does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathtic pathway. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division |
| which of the following is NOT true of the knee jerk reflex | it is a flexor reflex |
| which is the neurotrasmiter in a somatic pathway | acetylcholine |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation | constriction of the bronchioles |
| which is the only plexus that contains fibers form the thoracic region of the spinal cord | brachial |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innercated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons | true |
| which of the following is a correct statement | there are 5 lumber nerve pairs |
| All of the following are true statements EXCEPT | aspiring produces some of its effects by increasing PGE syntheses |
| which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system | chemical messenger travels a short distance |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors | alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones EXCEPT | cortisol |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland | melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are | corticotrophs |
| clearness and sharpness of visual perception is known as | visual acuity |
| dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris |
| The somatic senses allow us to detect sensations such as | pain, temperature, and touch |
| in comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are | slow to appear but long lasting |
| the last step in the non steroid hormone mechanism of action is | protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called | permissiveness |
| the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is | progesterone |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as | hemtopoietic stem cells |
| the term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is | hemodynamics |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume | aldosterone, AND, and ADH |
| inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation |
| blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the | protein molecules present in blood |
| in the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothromin activator |
| which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it | lymphotixin |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-t cells develop into | thermocytes--cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body |
| each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen presenting cell activates the t cell. the cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized cells that form | effector t cells and memory cells |
| pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cells surface which results in | cytolysis |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigens epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecuels antigen binding site |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause | decreased vital capacity |
| which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute | The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, alveolar ventilation, and the oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing because | lower atmospheric pressure lower the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heats, what percentage of the blood's hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| A drop in the body's production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of | carbonic acid |
| standard atmospheric pressure is | 760mm Hg |
| the term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is | tidal volume |
| if the tidal volume of a given individual is 500ml, them the anatomical dead space is approcimately | 150ml |
| The type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is | cheyne-stokes respiration |
| boyles law states that the volume of a gas varies | inversely with the pressure at a constant temperature |
| the hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum is called | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| the hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is | vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| the hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is | secretin |
| an end product of fat digesting is | glycerol |
| cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from | carbohydrates |
| the final product of carbohydrate digestion is | monosaccharide |
| bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to | neutralize hydrochloric acid |
| glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of | cotransport |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as | hydrolyzing enzymes |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules | passively out of the GI lumen |
| Which is a disaccharide | sucrose |
| polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzyme known as | amylase |
| The enterogastic reflex causes | inhibition of gastric peristalsis |
| in accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true | blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into teh capillaries |
| the total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from | 45% to 75% of its total body weight |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | plasma and interstitial fluid |
| if the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete | more hydrogen ions from the blood to urine |
| which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions for parenteral therapy | liquid protein |
| the thirst center is located in the | hypothalamus |
| which of the following is a true statement | arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41 |
| what is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid | potassium |
| when the adrenal cortex is stimulate to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thin that happens is | increase in the kidney tubule reabsoprtion of sodium |
| when the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs | sodium ions |
| what is true about the metabolism of glucose | anaerobic metabloism produces lactic acid |
| what is NOT considered transcellular fluid | lymph |
| which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus | fertilization |
| the gland that secrets an alkaline substance that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid is the | prostate gland |
| The main factor concerning male fertility is | number of sperm ejaculated |
| the increase in blood estrogens during the post menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle produces all of the following changes in the uterus except | decreased myometrial contractions |
| what reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? | epididymis |
| the male gland that secretes a fructose sugar used as an energy source for sperm is the | seminal vesicle |
| the foreskin in the male is also known as the | prepuce |
| which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism of controlling lactation | prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands |
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