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SCI220 Stack
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fibrous Coverings of Muscle Organ | Fascia, superficial fascia, deep fascia, tendon sheath, epimysium. perimysium, endomysium |
| Parallel muscles | Characterized by fascicles that run parallel to one another, and contraction of these muscle groups acts as an extension of the contraction of a single muscle fiber |
| Convergent muscles | Muscle that radiates out from a small to a wider point of attachment; for example, pectoralis major |
| Pennate muscles | Aponeuroses run along each side of the muscle and attach to the tendon |
| Fusiform muscles | Muscle that has fascicles close to parallel in the center of the muscle but converge to a tendon at one or both ends |
| origin | Is the point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts. |
| Circular | Muscle that circles a body tube or opening; sometimes called sphincter |
| Spiral | Vertical and spiral muscle chains that create spinal traction in movement and therefore regenerate the spine and body |
| Prime mover | A muscle that acts directly to bring about a desired movement |
| Agonist | Agent that works like or with (rather than against) another agent |
| Antagoinists | Agent that has an opposing effect or works against another agent |
| Synergists | Perform, or help perform, the same set of joint motion as the agonists |
| Fixator muscles | Muscle that functions as a joint stabilizer |
| Lever system | Composed of 4 pars: a rigid rod or bar, a fixed pivot or fulcrum, a load or resistance, and a force or pull |
| Muscles are named by | Location, function, shape, direction of fibers, number of heads or divisions, points of attachment, and size |
| Axial muscle | Neck= Sternocleidomastoid. Back=Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi. Chest= Pectoralis major Serratus, anterior. Abdominal wall= External oblique, and Pelvic floor= Levator ani, Coccygeus |
| Appendicular muscle | Shoulder, arm, forearm, buttocks, thigh =anterior thigh, medical thigh, posterior thigh, leg=anterior leg, posterior leg |
| Shoulder muscle | Deltoid |
| Arm muscle | Biceps bachii, triceps brachii, brachialis |
| Forearm muscle | Brachioradialis, pronator tenes |
| Buttock muscle | Gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae |
| Anterior thigh muscle | Quadriceps femoris group=rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
| Medial thigh muscle | Gracilis, adductor group=brevis, longus, magnus |
| Posterior thigh muscle | Hamstring group= biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| Anterior leg muscle | Tibialis anterior |
| Posterior leg muscle | Gastrocnemius |
| Muscles of facial expression and mastication | Facial=occipitofrontalis, frontal belly, occipital belly, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major, orbicularis oris, buccinator, depressor anguli oris. Mastication=masseter, temporalis, ptergoids(lateral and medial) |
| Muscles that move the head | Sterncleidomastoid, trapezius, semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis |
| Muscles of the thorax | External intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm |
| Muscles of the abdominal wall | External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum |
| Muscles of the back | Lliocostalis group, longissimuc group, spinalis group, transersospinalis group, semispinalis group, multifidus group, rotatores group, splenius, interspinales group |
| Muscles of the pelvic floor | Levator ani, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, deep transverse perineal, urethral sphinter, external anal sphincter |
| Muscles acting on the shoulder girdle | Trapezius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor |
| Muscles that move the arm | Pectoralis major, latissimuc dorsi, deltoid, coracobrachialis, supraspinatus, teres minor and major, infraspinatus, subscapularis |
| Muscles that move the forearm | Flexors=biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis. Extensor=triceps brachii. Pronators=pronator teres, pronator quadratus. Supinator=supinator |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers | Extrinsic=flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor digitorum |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers | Intrinsic=opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi, palmar interossei, dorsal intero |
| Muscles that move the thigh | Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, maximus, medius, minimus, brevis, longus magnus, gracilis |
| Muscles that move the leg | Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, sartorius, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| Muscles that move the foot | Extrinsic=tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius, externsor digitorum longus |
| Muscles that move the foot | Intrinsic=lumbricals, flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, abductor hallucis |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord, integrates incoming pieces of sensory information, evaluates information, and initiates an outgoing response |
| Peripheral nervous system | Nerve tissues that are on the outer regions of the nervous system |
| Afferent division | Consists of all of the incoming sensory or afferent pathways ( carry toward) |
| Efferent division | Consists of all the outgoing motor or efferent pathways (carry away) |
| Somatic nervous system | Regulates the somatic effectors that are skeletal muscles |
| Somatic motor division | Enables the individual to react voluntarily to events in its surrounding |
| Somatic sensory division | Part of the PNS associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic nervous system | Carry information to the autonomic, or visceral, effectors which are mainly the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue, and the involuntary tissues |
| Visceral sensory division | Fibers conduct sensory impulses from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system |
| Enteric nervous system | "second brain" or "intestinal nervous system" |
| Astrocytes | Found only in the CNS and are the largest and most numerous type of glia |
| Microglia | Very small cells found in the CNS |
| Ependymal cells | Glia that resemble epithelial cells forming thin sheets that line fluid-filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord located in the CNS |
| Oligodendrocytes | Smaller than astrocytes and help hold nerve fibers together and produce the fatty myelin sheath around the long fibers formed by some neurons in the CNS |
| Schwann cells | Found only in the PNS and serve as the functional equivalent of oligodendrocytes |
| Myelin | Lipoprotein substance in the myelin sheath around many nerve fibers that contributes to high-speed conductivity of impulses |
| Nodes of Ranvier | A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells |
| Myelinated fibers | Axon surrounded by a sheath of myelin formed by Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes |
| Dendrites | Branching or treelike nerve cell process that receives input from other neurons and transmits toward the cell body |
| Axon | In a neuron, the single process that extends from the axon hillock and transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| Three types of neurons classified by structure | Multipolar=one axon many dendrites, bipolar= one axon and one dendrite, unipolar (pseudounipolar)= single process extending from the cell body |
| Three types of neurons classified by function | Afferent, efferent, interneurons |
| Reflex arc | A signal conduction route to and from the CNS |
| Synapse | The place where nerve information is transmitted from one neuron to another |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | Malignant tumor of astrocyte cells of the brain |
| Acoustic neuroma | Glial tumor of the Schwann cells surrounding cranial nerve VIII, causing progressive hearing loss and dizziness |
| The three layers of the meninges | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| Epidural space | In the brain, the space above the dura mater |
| Choroid plexuses | Networks of capillaries that project from the pia mater into the lateral ventricles and into the roofs of the third and fourth ventricles. Each choroid plexus is covered with a sheet of a special type of |
| Dorsal nerve root | Also called posterior nerve root, carry sensory information into the spinal cord |
| Ventral nerve root | Also called anterior nerve root, carry motor information out of the spinal cord |
| Ascending tracts | Lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinothalamic, fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus, spincerebellar, spinotectal |
| Descending tracts | Lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal |
| Medulla oblongata | Lowest part of the brainstem; an enlarged extension of the spinal cord; the vital centers are located within this area [medulla marrow or pith |
| Pons | The part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus |
| Midbrain | Region of the brain stem between the pons and the diencephaon |
| Cerebellum | Second largest part of the human brain; plays an essential role in the production of normal movements |
| Thalamus | A large mass of gray matter located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon |
| Brainstem | Part of brain containing the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Diencephalon | “Between” brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon, or midbrain |
| Hypothalamus | Important autonomic and neuroendocrine control center located inferior to the thalamus in the brain |
| Pineal gland | A pea-sized conical mass of tissue behind the third ventricle of the brain |
| Cerebral cortex | Thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum |
| Gray matter | Type of nerve tissue characterized by a relative lack of myelin; often includes many neuron cell bodies and synapses that process information; contrast with white matter |
| White matter | The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths |
| Plexuses | A branching network of vessels or nerves |
| Cervical plexus | Plexus located deep within the neck; innervates muscles and skin of the neck, upper shoulder, and part of the head |
| Brachial plexus | Nerve plexus located deep in the shoulder that innervates the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm |
| Lumbosacral plexus | Spinal nerve plexus located in the low back |
| Coccygeal plexus | Nerve plexus located near the coccyx bone |
| Dermatome | Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve |
| Myotome | Skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve |
| CN I | Olfactory |
| CN II | Retina |
| CN III | Oculomotor |
| CN IV | Trochlear |
| CN V | Trigeminal |
| CN VI | Abducens |
| CN VII | Facial |
| CN III | Vestibulocochlear |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal |
| CN X | Vagus |
| CN XI | Accessory |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal |
| Preganglionic neurons | Acetylcholine |
| Postganglionic neurons | Norepinephrine (many); acetylcholine (few) |
| Nicotine receptor | Type of cholinergic receptor |
| Adrenergic | Adjective describing a structure that functions with norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi), as in a nerve fiber that releases NE or a receptor triggered by NE |
| Alpha receptor | Adrenergic receptor for norepinephrine |
| Beta receptor | Adrenergic receptor that, when stimulated, causes vessels to dilate and heart muscle to contract faster and stronger |
| Cholingergic | Adjective describing a structure that functions with acetylcholine (ACh), as a nerve fiber that releases ACh or a receptor triggered by ACh |
| Muscarinic receptor | Type of cholinergic receptor responding to muscarine, as well as acetylcholine |
| Special senses | Taste, smell, vision, hearing , and equilibrium |
| Three groups of receptors by location | Exteroceptors, visceroceptors, proprioceptors |
| Six receptor categories based on types of stimuli | Mechanoreceptors, chmoreceptors, thermoreceptors, niciceptors, photoreceptors, osmoreceptors |
| Otoliths | Tiny "ear stones" composed of protein and calcium carbonate and located within the matrix of the macula |
| Crista ampullaris | Fold that serves as a sensory receptor organ located within the ampulla of the semicircular ducts; detects head movements |
| Layers of the eyeball | Fibrous=scleran, cornea. Vascular=choroid, ciliary Fibrous=scleran cornea. Vascular=choroid, ciliary body, iris. Inner=retina, optic nerve, retinal blood vessels |
| Structure of the ear | External=ear canal, tympanic membrane. Middle= auditory ossicles, eustachian tube. Inner= labyrinth, endolymph, perilymph |
| Classification of hormones | Tropic, sex, anabloic, steroid, and nonsteroid |
| Thromboxanes | Regulator synthesized by blood platelets and is important in blood clotting |
| Leukotrienes | Regulators of immunity |
| Pituitary gland | A small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and |
| Growth hormone | Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands |
| Prolactin | Hormone that tells the body to make breast milk when a person is pregnant or breast-feeding |
| Tropic hormones | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Neurohypophysis | Stores and releases antidiuretic (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
| Thyroid gland | Produces thyroid hormone (TH ), tetraiodothyronine (T4), or thyroxine, triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin regulating metabolic rate of cells |
| Parathyroid | Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to maintain calcium homeostasis and activates vitamin D from food |
| Adrenal glands | Outer portion-adrenal cortex, inner portion-adrenal medulla produces aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens, adrenal estrogens, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| Pancreatic islets | Have the pancreatic islets (islet of langerhans) produces glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polpetide (PP), somatostatin, and Ghrelin (GHRL) |
| Additional hormones of the body | Cholecalciferol, dehydroepiandrosterone, melatonin, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogens, relaxin, thymosins and thymopoietins, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, atrial natriuretic, inhibins, eryt |
| Thymus | Shrinks the more older the person is and trains and develops T-lymphocytes or T cells |
| Adipose tissue | Fat tissue; fat-storing tissue |
| Stages of coagulation | Activation pathways, thrombin formation, fibrin clot formation |
| Heparin | Substance obtained from the liver; inhibits blood clotting |
| Pericardium | Covers the heart, 3 layers-fibrous, serous, epicardium |
| Layers of the heart wall | Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| Atrioventricular valves (AV) | Right AV=tricuspid valve, left AV=bicuspid or mitral |
| Semilunar valves (SL) | Pulmonary trunk=pulmonary valve, entrance of the aorta=aortic valve |
| Four structures of the electrical conduction system of the heart | Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventriculare (AV) bundle (bundle of his), subendocardial branches (purkinje fibers) |
| P wave | Depolarization of the atria |
| QRS complex | Depolarization of the ventricles |
| T wave | Repolarization of the ventricles |
| U wave | Thought to represent repolarization of the Purkinje fibers |
| Three layers of the blood vessel wall | Outer=tunica externa, middle=tunica media, inner=tunica intima |
| Lymphokinesis | Flow of lymph |
| Groups locations of lymph nodes | Preauricular, submental, superficial cervical, superficial cubital, axillary, Iliac and inguinal |
| Tonsils | Palatine=located on each side of the throat, pharyngeal=near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity, lingual=near the base of the tongue |
| Spleen | Acts as a filter for your blood, the largest endocrine gland, and keeps bodily fluids balanced |
| Two major categories of immune mechanisms | Innate immunity (non-specific) and adaptive immunity (specific) |
| Innate defenses | Species, mechanical, chemical, inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, NK cells, interferon, complement, tool-like receptors |
| Adaptive defenses | T cells, B cells, natural= active and passive, artificial=active and passive |
| Upper respiratory tract | Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | Trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, and the lungs |
Created by:
JoyceH
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