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Decker Bio B
Viruses and Prokaryotes Chapter 18.3 thru 18.6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an epidemic ? | rapid outbreaks that affect many people |
| What is a vaccine? | a substance that gets the body's immune system to prepare a response against a virus |
| What is a retrovirus? | a virus that copies its genetic material backwards (RNA gets used to make DNA, which then becomes part of host cell's DNA) |
| How does HIV work? | It destroys the host's white blood cells, leading to AIDS and the inability to fight off small infections |
| name four infectious diseases caused by viruses | HIV, SARS, common cold, influenza |
| What main substance would an influenza vaccine contain? | weakened influenza virus |
| What is the body's first defense against infection? | the skin |
| How does a vaccine protect a person against infection? | It triggers the immune system, so next time the virus is encountered the body will be prepared to fight it before it can cause damage. |
| Why is a person with AIDS more easily infected by pathogens than a person without AIDS? | The person with AIDS has fewer white blood cells than the person without AIDS, so it is harder for them to fight off the infection. |
| obligate anaerobe | a prokaryote that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen |
| obligate aerobe | a prokaryote that needs oxygen to survive |
| facultative aerobe | a prokaryote that can survive whether or not oxygen is present |
| plasmid | a small piece of DNA that replicates separately from the main chromosome |
| What is one way in which archaea and bacteria differ? | Chemical components in cell walls and cell membranes |
| conjugation | the process through which bacteria cells can exchange DNA |
| endospore | a specialized cell with a thick, protective wall that can survive drying out, temperature changes, and even disinfectants |
| Why is conjugation considered a survival strategy? | It produces genetic variation |
| Where can bacteria and archaea live? | They can live almost anywhere on Earth |
| Bacteria and archaea look very similar. In what main way do they differ? | They mainly differ on the molecular level, such as the chemical components within the cell walls and cell membrane |
| What are some foods made using bacteria? | butter, yogurt, cheese, sour cream, pickles |
| bioremediation | a process that uses living things to break down pollutants |
| What is one example of a pollutant that bacteria can help to break down? | oil |
| What are the two ways that prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans? | Prokaryotes break down foods and produce vitamins and other nutrients for humans |
| What is one important role that prokaryotes play in the ecosystem? | Bacteria transform nitrogen in soil into a form that plants can use. |
| What is one important role that prokaryotes play in the ecosystem? | Bacteria transform nitrogen in soil into a form that plants can use. |
| the two basic ways bacteria can cause illness | 1) attack cells in one of the body's tissues 2) make toxins that can be carried in the blood to other parts of the body |
| antibiotics | chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria |
| How do antibiotics work? | they stop bacteria from making cell walls |
| three factors that have contributed to antibiotic resistance | overuse, underuse, misuse |
| Explain the role of natural selection in the production of antibiotic-resistant bacteria | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and reproduce when the other bacteria can't, resulting in more antibiotic-resistant bacteria. |
| Give one example of a disease, illness, or infection caused by bacteria and describe its symptoms | Anthrax causes fever and trouble breathing |
| Can colds be treated with an antibiotic? Explain your response | No because they are viral infections |
| Explain why you should always complete a full prescription of antibiotics | Stopping before completing a full prescription of antibiotics could lead to more antibiotic-resistant bacteria. |
| What are the four types of pathogens? | bacteria, virus, prion, viroid |
| Is a virus a living organism? | No because it cannot reproduce on its own |
| List one way that bacteria are helpful to humans and one important role they play in ecosystems | helpful: produce vitamins and other nutrients role in ecosystem: convert nitrogen in soil into a form plants can use |
| What do retroviruses do that is different from other viruses? | use RNA to make DNA |
| What biological process is involved in the formation of strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics? | natural selection |
| All prokaryotes belong to one of two domains: _________ or _________. | bacteria, archaea |
| How does a vaccine protect against illness? | It prepares the immune system to combat the illness next time. |
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