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Endocrine Lecture
Lecture Notes for Study Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous System acts through | Nervous Syst. acts thru the conductin of nerve impulses by releasing a mediator called a Neurotransmitter and Synapses.Binds to receptors on target cells |
| Endocrine system acts | by releasing mediators into the blood stream called hormones that act on areas distant from where it was produced. Binds to receptors on target cells. |
| An example of a neuotransmitter which is also a hormone | norepinepherine |
| Nerve impulses act | faster than hormones but usually the action is of shorter duration |
| Hormones act | over a much longer period of time and have broader effects, rather than local. |
| Exocrine glands secrete their products | into ducts and are thus carried to areas that they are needed. |
| Endoncrine glands secrete their products; | into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells and then diffuse into the capillary network and blood then carries them to where they are needed. |
| The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormes which are; | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal |
| The endocrine system is also made up of organs and tissues that are not exclusively endocrine but have some cells that produce hormones; | hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kideny, stomach, liver, small intestines, skin, heart, adipose tissue and placenta. |
| Hormone receptors are; | glycoproteins that only bind to specific hormones transmitted to receptor site via the blood and not to other hormones meant for elsewhere. |
| If too much hormone is at a receptor site; | One of two things occur;Down Regulation- target cell recptors decrease and cells become less sensitive to the hormone ORUp-Regulation occurs and target receptor cells inc. and sensitivity to hormone increases |
| There are two types of hormones | Circulation - delivered via blood elsewhereLocal- Work on cells close by (paracrine or autocrine_ |
| Chemical classes of Hormones; | Lipid Soluble- Steriods, thyroid hormones, nitric OxideWater Soluble- amine hormones, peptide & protein hormones and eicosanoid hormones |
| Lipid soluble hormones are bound to transport proteins that are synthesized by the liver and have three functions; | 1. make lipid soluble hormones temp. water soluble thus increasing their solubility in blood.2. retard passage of sm hormones thru filtering kidneys thus reducing loss of hormones into urine3. when combined, they provide a reserve int he bloodstream |
| Where are the receptors for hormonal action for lipid and water soluble recptors? | Lipid solumble hormones; the receptors are in the target cellsWater soluble receptors; are part of the plasma membrane of the target cells |
| Two types of hormone interaction; | Synergistic (act together to produce greater effect as in FSH-estrogens)Antagonistic- oppose one anothers action as in insulin-glucagon. |
| The pituitary gland is connected to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk called: | the infundibulum |
| The hypothalamus is both; | an important regulatory center for the nervous system and a crucial endocrine gland |
| The pituitary gland has two main lobes; | anterior and posterior |
| The Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | Produces a number of hormones that regulate a wide range of body activities but release of and suppression of these ormones is regulated by secretory & inhibitory secretions of the hypothalamus and by negative feedback mechanisms produced. |
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland | Does not synthesize any hormones, but it does store and secrete 2 hormones produced in the secretory cells of the hypothalamus, namely oxytocin and ADH |
| In a portal system blood passes from | a capilary network to a portal vein back to a capilary network. |
| Thyroid Glands secrete _______________ and is the only endocrine gland that _____________ | T3 and T4 and is the only endocrine gland that stores it's product in large quantities. |
| The thyroid gland is | 2 lobes inferior to the larynx connected by the isthmus; made of spherical sacs called thyroid follicle |
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) promotes ___________and is released by the __________ | release of hyroid hormones (T3, T4) by thyroid gland |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) promotes __________ from the ___________________ | release of coricosteroid hormones (glucorticoids) from the adrenal cortex |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) follitropin, promotes ___________ in __________ | gamete production in the ovaries and testes |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) lutropin promotes ____________ in the _____________________ | production of gonadal hormones (estrogens and androgens) in the ovaries and testes. |
| Prolactin (PRL) releases ________ and does 3 things... | (GH) Accelerates Protein Sythesis, Indirectly stimulates liver to release somatomedins and Directly stimulates stem cell division & adipose to hydrolyse triglycerides & liver to hydrolyze glycogen |
| Prolactin (PRL) stimulates ____________ | mammary gland development and milk production in females may assist androgen productin in males. |
| Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)stimulates _____________ to produce __________ in the __________ | melanocytes, melanin...there are no target tissues specifically known. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - action/s target tissue | Is release in response to rise in blood electolytes or a decrease in BP. Triggers water retention at the kidney and vasoconstriction. |
| Oxytocin (OT) -action and target tissues | In females it stimulates smooth muscle to promote labor and delivery and also milk ejection. It plays a role in secual arousal and orgasm in both sexes (smooth muscle contraction) |
| In a portal system, blood passes from; | a capillary network to a portal vein and back to a capillary network. |
| What endocrine gland stores it's product in large quantities? | The Thyroid glands, (T3, T4) |
| Thyroid Hormones increase BMR which; | stimulates usage of more ATP, thus makes more heat which helps regulate body temperature. |
| Parathyroid Glands _____ in all. Histologically has two types of cells; | 4 - Chief or Principal Cells produce parathyroid hormone and Oxyphil cells- have no know function. |
| Parathyroid hormone increases | osteoclastic activity and increase circulating levels of Ca and HPO4 in blood |
| The adrenal glands are located _____________ and consists of; | One on top of each Kidney, Outer cortex developed fr Mesoderm, inner medulla dev from ectoderm. All covered by a highly vacularized capsule. |
| The Cortex of the adrenal gland produces | steriod hormones, essential for life |
| The Medulla of the adrenal gland produces | norepiinepherine, epinephrine and dopamine. (catecholamines) |
| The adrenal Cortex is divided into 3 zones, name them from outside to inside; | Zona glomerulosa, Zona faciculata and the Zona reticularis |
| The zona glomerulosa secretes; | mineralcorticoids, namely aldosterone which regulates homeostasis of Na and K ions regulating blood volume and pressure |
| The Zona faciculata secretes; | Glucocorticoids namely cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone which regulate metabolism and resistance to STRESS. Cortisol is the most abundant |
| Glucocorticoids have the following effects (6) | 1 inc. rate of protein breadown, release amino acids for new protein uses 2. gluconeogenises 3. lipolysis 4. resistance to stress 5. anti-inflammatory effexct 6. depress immune responses. |
| The Zona reticularis secretes | Androgens, masulinizing hormones. Mainly DHEA which promotes sex drive in females and most female estrogens after menopause come from converted DHEA. Also stimulate public hair growth in M & F |
| The Adrenal Medulla produces; | Norepinephrine and epinephrine and small amts of dopamine. All are not essential for life because they are produced elsewhere also. However, all enhance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system during stress. |
| Pancreatic Islets (islets of langerhans) are_______________ they contain ______________ | Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas; 4 types of hormone secreting cells; A cells (alpha), B cells (beta), D cells (delta) and F-Cells. |
| A Cells in the pancreas produce | Glucagon which increases blood glucose levels when they fall below normal |
| B Cells in the pancreas secrete | Insulin which decreases blood glucose when it rises above normal levels. |
| D Cells in the pancreas secrete | Somatostatin which inhibits growth hormone secretion. |
| F Cells in the pancreas secrete | Pancreatic polypeptide which inhibits somatostatin secretion, gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. |
| The ovaries produce 3 hormones (name) and also have another function. | They produce gametes and primarily two estrogens 1. Estradiol and 2. Estrone & Progesterone. |
| The hormones of the ovaries function to; | Help regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, lactation,and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Relaxin is released during birth to; | increase flexibility of the pubic sympysis at birth. |
| The testes produce; | testosterone and gametes. |
| Testosterone is an ____________ that regulates ____________________ | Androgen; sperm production and maintains secondary sex characteristics in males. |
| FSH, when produced by males stimulates; | spermatogenesis |
| The Pineal Gland is located _________ is part of the _________________ and made up of ____________________ | small gland attached to the third ventricle of the brain; part of the epithalamus, made up of a mass of neuroglia and some seretory cells called PINEALOCYTES |
| The pineal gland secretes; | melatonin thought o control the bodie biological clock as more in s produced in darkness than n the light thus promoting sleep. |
| The Thymus is located ______________________ and produces __________________ which; | between the lungs, produces Thymosin, Thymic humoral factor (THF), Thymic Factor (TF) and Thymopoietin which all promote maturation of T-Cells which fight disease and may prevent aging. |
| GI Tract produces the hormones; | Gastrin which promotes secretiion of gastric juices and Cholecytokinin which promotes release of bile from Gall Bladder |
| Placenta produces the hormones | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCH stimulates corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy, estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy, Hunam chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) developmennt of mammary glands for lactation |
| Kidneys produces the hormone | Erythropoietin for RBC production, calcitrol absorptionn of dietrary calcium |
| The Hearth produces the hormone | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANPO decrease blood pressure) |
| Adipose tissue produces the hormone | Leptin which suppresses appetite |
| There are two types of stress; | Eistress and Distress |
| The stress response or (GAS) General Adaptation System occurs in three stages; | 1. Initial fight or flight 2. Resistance Reaction (slower)3. Exhaustion |
| Initial fight or flight mechanism works to; | Nerve iimpulses from the hypothalamus via sympathetic division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla produce epinephrine and norepinephrine and stimulate various visceral effects. |
| Resistance Reaction (slower) | initiated by the hypothalamus releasing hormones for a sustained response rather than a short one |
| Exhaustion | resources become so depleted in prolonged exposure to stress that the resistance reaction can not be maintained. |
| Stress and Disease; | Increased stress causes increased risk to chronic disease. |
| Hypothalamus produces; | ADH, Oxytocin and regulatory hormones |
| Pituitary Gland- Anterior Lobe produces | ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH |
| Pituitary Gland- Posterior Lobe produces | Release of oxytocin and ADH |
| Thyroid Gland produces | Throxine (t4) Triiodothyronine (t3) and Calcitonin (CT) |
| Thymus produce | Thymosins |
| Adrenal Glands produce: | Adrenal Medulla; epinephrine (e)and norepinephrine (NE) Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens. |
| Pineal Gland produces; | Melatoniin |
| Parathyroid Glands produce; | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| The heart produces; | Natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP |
| The Kidneys produce | Renin, erythropoietin (DPO) and calcitrol |
| Adipose tissue produces; | leptin and resistin |
| Pancreatic Islets produce | insulin, glucagon |
| The gonads produce | testes; androgens (testosterone*) inhibinOvaries: estrogens, progestins and inhibin |
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