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Neuron Transmission
Patho
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Oligodendrocytes | Neutral support cells responsible for the production of myelin around axons of the central nervous system. |
| Chromatolysis | swelling of a neuron because of injury |
| Clonic | rapid successions of alternating muscle contraction and relaxation |
| Closed Head Injury | injury to the head that causes tissue damage without exposing tissue to the external environment |
| Communicating Hydrocephalus | increased ventricular accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid due to impaired CSF absorption |
| Contralateral | referring to the opposite side of the body |
| Corpus Callosum | nerve fiber bundles promoting communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain |
| Decerebrate Posturing | increased extensor muscle excitability caused by neurologic injury |
| Decorticate Posturing | increased flexor muscle excitability caused by neurologic injury |
| Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) | reversible procedure designed to alter abnormal function of the brain tissue; neurostimulator delivers electrical signals to a targeted area of the brain, blocking abnormal nerve signals and resulting in tremor and other Parkinson disease symptoms |
| Demyelination | degradation of myelin |
| Dendrites | branching protoplasmic processes of the nerve cell |
| Depolarization | result of rapid movement of sodium into the cell through sodium channels in the cell membrane |
| Dermatomes | body regions to which spinal nerves transmit impulses |
| Diplegia | involving both legs |
| Distal Axonopathy | axonal injury of neurons in distal areas of the body, such as hands and feet |
| Dorsal Horns | posterior extensions of the spinal cord containing sensory neurons; receive afferent impulses via the dorsal roots and other neurons |
| Dyskinetic | inability to control muscle movement |
| Efferent Neurons | neurons that carry impulses from central nervous system to the periphery |
| Electrical Synapses | transmit impulses via passage of current-carrying ions through small openings or gaps |
| Encephalopathy | brain disorder |
| Extrapyramidal Disorders | movement disorders affecting the structures of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus |
| Extrapyramidal System | nervous system outside of the pyramidal nervous system; attenuated erratic motions; maintains muscle tone and trunk stability; composed of the subcortical nuclei of the basal ganglia |
| Flaccid | relaxed, without tone |
| Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) | technique used to generate artificial autonomic reflexes to promote mechanisms regulating bowel and bladder function |
| Glia | neural support cells in the brain; provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin |
| Global Ischemia | consequences of inadequate blood supply to meet the needs of the brain tissue; results in hypoxia |
| glutamate | excitatory neurotransmitter |
| gray matter | tissue of the central nervous system composed primarily of cell bodies; contains synapses between sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons |
| gyri | irregular convolutions on the brain serface |
| hemiplegia | involving one arm and one leg on the same side of the body |
| hyperpolarization | when the resting membrane potential is less negative than normal |
| hypopolarization | when the resting membrane potential is more negative than normal |
| interneuron | neurons connecting motor and sensory neurons; transmit signals between afferent and efferent neurons; most abundant neuron type |
| interventricular foramen | area of passage of the cerebrospinal fluid between the lateral to the third ventricle; also known as the foramen of Monro |
| intraneuronal inclusions | distinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm |
| Lewy body | Protein aggregations composed of the protein alpha-synuclein located primarily in the cells of the substantia nigra; associated with neurodegenerative disease, particularly Parkinson disease |
| membrane potential | difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell |
| meninges | membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord of the CNS; contains cerebrospinal fluid; includes the pia, arachnoid, and dura mater |
| activities of daily living (ADLs) | performance of usual functions of everyday life (eating,dressing) |
| affective disorder | condition involving mood, emotional feeling, and tone related to thought ; includes external manifestations |
| afferent neurons | neurons that carry impulses from receptors to the distant targets of the brain and spinal cord; also known as sensory neurons |
| akinesia | inability to move |
| astrogliosis | formation of glial scar caused by profileration of astrocytesin response to local tissue injury |
| ataxic | inability to control balance |
| athetoid | inability to control muscle movement |
| athetosis | |
| atrophy | decreased in size of the cell |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | component of the peripheral nervous system; includes the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic (PNS); controls involuntary function of organs |
| autoreceptors | receptors involved in detection of chemicals to regulate the cell's own function |
| axon | neuronal structure that carries impulses away from the cell body |
| axon hillock | point at which the axon joins the cell body |
| basal ganglia | structure of the brain (ADD) with a major role in coordinated muscle movements |
| Sulci | fissures in the brain that provides anatomic divisions |
| Sympathetic nervous system ( SNS) | Component of the autonomic nervous system; also known as the thoracolumbar nervous system |
| synapse | small gap or junction separating cells |
| syndrome | a cluster of clinical manifestations and laboratory and other diagnostic tests that fit a recognizable , predictable pattern |
| threshold potential | intracellular electrical potential stimulating an action potential |
| tonic | state of continuous muscle contraction |
| transillumination | technique using a shining light to view accumulations of fluid |
| ventral horns | anterior extensions of the spinal cord that contain efferent motor neurons |
| Wallerian degeneration | degeneration of axons caused by crushing injury |
| white matter | tissue of the central nervous system composed mainly of axons and dendrites |
| Open traumatic injury | Exposure of brain structures to the environment because of energy. |
| Pallidotomy | Irreversible procedure involving destruction of the globus padllidus; designed to decrease excitatory nerve firing in the damaged tissue; employed in the management of parkinson disease. |
| Papilledema | Edema of the optic disc. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) | component of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Paresthesia | Abnormal sensation, such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling. |
| Peripheral nervous system. | Component of the nervous system comprising the somatic and autonomic nervous system. |
| Plexus | Formation of an interconnection of spinal fibers. |
| Polyneuropathy | Peripheral nerve damage involving multiple axons |
| Postictal | Physical state after recovery from seizure; manifested by extreme fatigue headache muscle pain, and weakness. |
| Polarize | A condition in the excitable cell when the intracellular compartment is more negative than the extracellular space. |
| Postganglionic neurons | Axon fibers projecting from an autonomic group of nerve cells bodies to a target organ. |
| Preganglionic neurons | Axon fibers extending from cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord to a group of nerve cell bodies. |
| Psuedobullar effect | uncontrollable laughing or crying because of altered control of emotional responsiveness |
| pyramidal motor system | composed of the corticospinal and corticobullar tracts, providing control of voluntary movement |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities |
| reflex arc | basic functional pathway of the nervous system; a process by which stimuli are received and interpreted, and then stimulate a response |
| repolarization | result of movement of potassium ions out of the cell |
| resting membrane potential(RMP) | membrane potential of a cell at rest |
| saltatory conduction | pattern of nerve impulse over long distances where the impulse moves down the axon from node to node in a stepwise fashion |
| schwann cells | neural support cells responsible for the production of myelin on long, single axons of the peripheral nervous system |
| sensory neurons | neurons that carry impulses from receptors to the distant targets of the brain and spinal cord; also known as afferent neurons |
| soma | also known as a cell body; component of cell composed of cytoplasm and organelles responsible for specialized functions of the cell |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary nervous control in skeletal muscles |
| spastic | increased muscle tone with exaggerated tendon reflexes |
| subthreshold | membrane potential less than that necessary for commitment to an action potential |
| Microglial Nodules | Structure formed by the union of microglia and astrocytes. |
| Microstimulation | Electrical stimulation to preganglionic neurons and interneurons controlling bladder function. |
| Monoamines | Class of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine,dopamine, and seratonin. |
| Mononeuropathy | Nerve damage related to a single area. |
| Motor Neurons | Carry impulses from the central nervous system to an effector muscle. |
| N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor | receptor with affinity for glutamate. |
| Neuromodulators | Chemical released from axon terminals, which inhibits, potentiates or prolongs effects of neurotransmitter. |
| blood-brain-barrier (BBB) | reduced permeability of capillaries in the brain to protect against exposure to potentially hazardous substances |
| blunt force injury | injury that occurs when the head strikes a hard surface or is struck by a rapidly moving object |
| brachial pleaxus palsy | trauma to the brachial nerve plexus resulting in flaccid paralysis of the affected arm |
| bradykinesia | decreased spontaneity of movement ; slowed movement associated with initial movement or sudden halting of movement |
| capacitor | structure that stores current |
| cauda equina | extension of nerves in the spinal cord extending below the sacral level through the exit of the vertebral column |
| cell body | cell structure containing cytoplasm and organelles responsible for the specialized function of the cell ;also known as a soma |
| central nervous system (CNS ) | component of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebral aqueduct | connecting point of the third and fourth ventricles; also known as the aqueduct of sylvius |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid bathing the surface of the central nervous system structures of the brain and spinal cord ; floes through four fluid filled interconnecting ventricles in the brain |
| chemical synapse | transmit impulses across a small gap between cells via stimulations of neurotransmitters |
| Neuron | Nerve cell ;fundamental unit of the nervous system; composed of a cell body, one axon, and a variable number of dendrites. |
| Neuropathy | A problem of a nerve degeneration to damage to cell body resulting in delayed nerve conduction and impaired sensory function. |
| Neurophagia | Phagocytosis and inflammatory responses caused by a dead neuron damaging. |
| Neurostimulation | Electrical stimulation of efferent nerves. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical agent affecting the function of another nearby cell or cells. |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Interruptions in the myelin sheaths surrrounding axons in the peripheral nervous system; rich in sodium channels to promote movement of nerve impulses over long distances. |
| Noncommunicating hydrocephalus | Increased ventricular accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid caused by obstructed cerebrospinal fluid flow. |
| Nystagmus | Involuntary, irregular oscilliations of the eye. |
Created by:
DocMorris
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