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Bio 197 Lab
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Taxonomy? | Naming and Categorization of life. |
| What are the two parts of Binomial Nomenclature? | 1. Genus 2. specific epithet Both underlined |
| What are the ranks of scientific classification? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What is a dichotomous key? | Tools used by scientists to help them determine what a specimen is. |
| What is Systematics? | Taxonomy + Evolution Hypothesis |
| What is phylogeny? | Proposed relationship between three or more taxa. |
| What can taxa be? | Taxa can be domains, kingdoms, species, or any other rank in the hierarchical classification system. |
| What do the leaves on a phylogenetic tree represent? | Th leaves represent each taxon included. |
| What do the branches represent on a phylogenetic tree? | The branches represent lines connecting one taxon to another. |
| What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree? | A node represents the most recent common ancestor. |
| What does a root on a phylogenetic tree represent? | The root of a tree represents the node at which all the branches converge. |
| What are the kinds of phylogenetic trees? | Cladogram, Phylogram, and a Chronogram. |
| What is shown on a cladogram? | A cladogram only depicts the relationships between taxa. |
| What is shown on a phylogram? | A phylogram depicts both the relationship between taxa and has branch lengths that are scaled to represent the amount of evolutionary change along a branch. |
| What is shown on a chronogram? | A chronogram has branch lengths scaled to represent actual time. |
| What are plesiomorphic traits? | Traits shared by all, not derived. |
| What are synapomorphic traits? | Shared traits but not by all, derived. |
| What are apomorphic traits? | Not shared traits, unique to the taxon. |
| What does monophyletic mean? | Includes a common ancestor and ALL descendants. |
| What does paraphyletic mean? | Includes a common ancestor and SOME of the descendants. |
| What does polyphyletic mean? | Collection of taxa, does not include common ancestor. |
| What is autotrophic? | Obtains energy from inorganic sources. |
| What is heterotrophic? | Obtains energy from organic sources. |
| What is saprotrophic? | Sends digestive enzymes into the environment, picks up nutrients after external digestion. |
| What are characteristics of PROKARYOTIC cells? | Circular, double stranded DNA. No Nucleus. Includes Bacteria and Archaea. No membrane bound organelles. |
| What are things a typical bacterial cell may have? | Nucleoid with circular, double stranded DNA. Flagellum, Pilli, Ribosomes, Cell Wall, Peptidoglycan. |
| What are the shapes bacteria may occur in? | Coccus, Spirilla, and Bacilli, |
| Gram Positive? | Cell walls are approximately 60-90% peptidoglycan. |
| Gram Negative? | Cell walls are approximately 10-20% peptidoglycan. |
| What are the broad groupings of Kingdom Protista? | Slime Molds, Algae, and Protozoa. |
| What is the feeding strategy of Slime Molds? | Fungus-like absorptive heterotrophs (saprotrophic). |
| What is the feeding strategy of Algae? | Plant-like autotrophs. |
| What is the feeding strategy of Protozoa? | Animal-like heterotrophs. |
| What are the structural arrangements of Protista? | Unicellular, Filamentous, Colonial |
| What is a unicellular structural arrangement for protista? | One Cell, metabolically independent. |
| What is a filamentous structural arrangement for protista? | Multiple cells strung together end-to-end. |
| What is a colonial structural arrangement for protista? | Multiple cells working together, but metabolically independent |
| What are the reproductive strategies of Portista? | Isogamous, Heterogamous, Oogamous. |
| Define Isogamous. | Isogamous: Male and female gametes are identical to one another in size and motility. |
| Define Heterogamous. | Heterogamous: Male and female gametes both motile, but female is larger than male. |
| Define Oogamous. | Oogamous: Female gamete is larger and non-motile, male gamete is smaller and motile. |
| What are the three types of symbiotic relationships? | Mutualism, Parasitism, and Commensalism. |
| Define Mutualism. | Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from each other. |
| Define Parasitism. | Parasitism: One Organism benefits while the other is harmed. |
| Define Commensalism. | Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is unaffected. |
| What are some characteristics of Fungi? | They are saprotrophic, they have hyphae, they have mycelium, their mating strains are + and -. |
| What are the cell walls of fungi made from? | Chitin |
| Define Plasmogamy and what is its ploidy? | Plasmogamy: Fusion of Cytoplasm. Haploid. |
| Define Karyogamy and what is its ploidy? | Karyogamy: Fusion of Nuclei. Diploid. |
| What are the asexual reproductive structures of Zygomycota? | Sporangia and Sporangiophores. |
| What are the asexual spores of Zygomycota? | Sporangiospore. |
| What is the sexual reproductive structure of Zygomycota? | Zygosporangium. |
| What is the sexual spore of Zygomycota? | Zygospore. |
| What is the asexual reproductive structures of Ascomycota? | Conidia and Conidiophores. |
| What is the asexual spore of Ascomycota? | Conidia. |
| What is the sexual reproductive structure of Ascomycota? | Asci and Ascocarp. |
| What is the sexual spore of Ascomycota? | Ascospores. |
| What is the sexual reproductive structures of Basidiomycota? | Basidium and Basidiocarp. |
| What is the sexual spore of Basidiomycota? | Basidiospores. |
| What is Lichen? | A mutualistic relationship between photosynthetic algae or cyanobacterium and fungus. Where the Algae/Cyanobacterium provides photosynthetic product while the fungus provides structure. |
| What is Soredia? | Soredia is a special dispersal unit containing both the fungus and photosynthetic partner. |
| What are the three general shapes of Lichen? | Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose |
| Describe Crustose. | Crustose is very flat and crust-like. |
| Describe Foliose. | Foliose is leafy, beginning to grow in the 3rd dimension. |
| Describe Fruticose. | Fruticose is highly 3-dimensional growth pattern like. |
| What are the two ways plant roots and fungi can interact? | Endomycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal. |
| Define Endomycorrhizal. | Endomycorrhizal is where the hyphae of the fungus grows INTO and penetrates the cells of the plant root. |
| Define Ectomycorrhizal. | Ectomycorrhizal is where the hyphae of the fungus penetrates the root by squeezing into the spaces BETWEEN plant cells. |
| Where is meiosis occurring in Fungi? | In the spores |
| What do the Zygosporangium produce? | Produces a single zygospore. |
| What do Sporophytes produce? | Produces haploid spores that develop into a gametophyte. |
| What are the three types of symmetry? | Asymmetry, Radial Symmetry, and Bilateral Symmetry. |
| Define Asymmetry. | There is no identifiable plane of symmetry. |
| Define Radial Symmetry. | Body parts are arranged around a central axis, like a wheel or a pizza. |
| Define Bilateral Symmetry. | Body parts are mirrored across "halves". |
| What are the two types of of Tissue Organization? | Diploblastic and Triploblastic. |
| Define Diploblastic. | Having 2 Tissue layers; Outer Ectoderm and Inner Endoderm |
| Define Triploblastic. | Having 3 Tissue layers; Outer Ectoderm, Middle Mesoderm, and Inner Endoderm. |
| What are the three types of body cavities? | Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Coelomate. |
| Define Acoelomate. | No body cavity, but has a digestive cavity. |
| Define Pseudocoelomate. | Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm separating the gut from the body wall. |
| Define Coelomate. | Body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm, helping anchor the gut. |
| What are the two types of embryonic developments? | Protostomes and Deuterostomes. |
| Define protostomes. | The first "hole" formed during embryonic development becomes the mouth. |
| Define deuterostomes. | The first "hole" becomes the anus. |
| What is Tagmata? | Tagmata includes the head, thorax, and abdomen. |
| What is a cephalothorax? | When the head is fused with the thorax |
| What is the exoskeleton made of? | Chitin and protein. |
| What is ecdysis? | The shedding of the exoskeleton. |
| What is chelicerae? | Pinchers on the mouth |
| What is the compound eye? | Eyes composed of many independent visual units called ommatidia. |
| What is the tracheae? | Small, branched, air ducts. |
| What are spiracles? | Specialized openings in the exoskeleton allow air to pass into the tracheae then into tracheoles, and transmits oxygen throughout the body |
| What are pedipalps? | Appendages for sensing or feeding |
| What are the three types of chewing appendages? | Mandibles, Maxillae, and Maxillipeds |
| How many appendages do most crustaceans have? | Two pairs |
| What is the carapace? | A dorsal shield that arises from the head that protects body segments |
| What are swimmerets? | Used in reproduction and swimming in crayfish. |
| What does the cardiac stomach do? | Grinds the Food |
| What does the pyloric stomach do? | Digests the Food |
| What are the malpighian tubules? | Where excretion takes place |
| What are the instars? | Stages between molts (ecdysis) |
| What is the ovipositor? | Female part of grasshopper. |
| What is the nerve ring? | Central nerve ring of nervous system |
| What is the water-vascular system? | Composed of a central ring from which 5 radial canals extend out into the body and arm canal. |
| What is the madreporite? | Where water enters the water-vascular system. |
| What are the steps of the water-vascular system? | Madreporite -> Stone Canal -> Ring Canals -> Radial Canals -> Ampullae -> Tube Feet |
| What is a hydrostatic skeleton? | Flexible skeleton supported by fluid (water) pressure |
| What are ossicles? | Calcareous in the dermis of echinoderms. |
| What is the stone canal? | Tube that leads from the madreporite to the ring. |
| What is the ring canal? | Circular water tube that surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms |
| What are the radial canals? | Run from the ring canal down to each arm. |
| What are the ampullae? | Small chambers that force water from the radial canal into the tube feet. |
| What are the four obstacles plants had to overcome to colonize land? | Dessication, Water Consumption, Reproduction, and Gravity |
| How did plants overcome dessication obstacles? | Alleviated by structures such as the cuticle, a waxy outer coating that minimizes water loss. |
| How did plants overcome water consumption obstacles? | Some use diffusion, but others use vascular tissues transport water throughout the plant. |
| How did plants overcome reproductive obstacles? | Some plants still produce spores and require water for reproduction, but others have developed seeds and pollen that do not require water for reproduction. |
| How did plants overcome gravity obstacles? | Solved with innovations such as cellulose cell walls, and vascular tissues. |
| What is alteration of generations? | Pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycle involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms. |
| What is the ploidy at each stage of altered generations? | Sporophyte = Diploid, Gametophyte=Haploid |
| What are the parts of the flower structure? | Sepal, Petal, Stamen, Pistil, Anther, Filament, Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule |
| What does, and what is double fertilization? | Process unique to Phylum Anthophyta, pollen contains two sperm cells, one fertilizes the egg cell to form the embryo and the other fertilizes the central cell to form the endosperm. |
| Fruits vs. Vegetables | Fruit: Some part of the flower (usually ovary) will become the container for the seeds. Vegetables: Any non-seed-dispersing structures that we eat. |
| What are non-tracheophytes? | Plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem, typically shorter than other plants, and require water for fertilization. |
| What are vascular tissues? | Plant tissue consisting of ducts or vessels that forms the system by which things are transported throughout the plant. |
| What are gymnosperms? | A plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary, vascular plants without fruits or flowers. |
| What are angiosperms? | Flowering platns |
| What is dessication? | The removal of moisture from something. |
| What is cellulose? | Main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers. |
| What are rhizoids? | Filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside in some plants. |
| What is the antheridium? | the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants. |
| What is the archegonium? | The female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers. |
| What is the thallus? | Plant body that is not differentiated into stems and leaves, lacks true roots and a vascular system. |
| What are gemma cups? | Small cup shaped structures born along the midrib on the dorsal surface of gametophyte of some bryophytes. |
| What is xylem? | Vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and helps form the woody element in the stem. |
| What is phloem? | Vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves. |
| What is strobili? | The cone of a pine, fir, or other conifer. |
| What is homosporous? | Producing spores of one kind that are not differentiated by sex. |
| What are sorus? | Cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond. |
| What is dioecious? | having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals. |
| What is monoecious? | having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual. |
| What is microstrobili? | The smaller of two kinds of cones produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing pollen. |
| What is megastrobili? | An ovulate cone bearing ovuliferous scales, found int he gymnosperms such as the confiers. |
| What is the sepal? | Each of the parts of the calyx of a flower, enclosing the petals. |
| What is the petals? | Each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, modified leaves with color. |
| What is the stamen? | The male fertilizing organ of a flower consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament. |
| What is the anther? | The part of the stamen that contains the pollen. |
| What is the filament? | Supports the anther. |
| What is the pistil? | The female reproductive part of a flower. |
| What is the ovary? | Enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. |
| What is the ovules? | Found inside the ovary within the carpel. |
| What is the style? | Connects the stigma and the ovary. |
| What is the stigma? | Gets pollen from pollinators |
| What is a monocot? | Flowering plant with an embryo that bear one cotyledon. |
| What is a dicot? | Flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledon. |
| What is a cotyledon? | An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants with one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed. |
| What are the types of leaf venation? | Palmate, Pinnate, or Parallel |
| What are the root types? | Primary Root system and Taproot System. |
| What is the sheath? | Structure at the base of a leaf, kind of wraps around, instead of a tiny stem. |
| What is the petiole? | stalk that attaches a leaf to the plant stem. |
| What are the three organs in plants? | Root, Stem, and Leaf. |
| What are the three tissue systems in vascular plants? | Dermal, Vascular, Ground |
| What are all the regions in vascular plants? | Cortex, Pith, Steele, Root Cap, Zone of elongation, zone of maturation, zone of division, air spaces, stomata, vascular cambium, vascular bundle. |
| What are the tissue or cell types in vascular plants? | parenchyma (general, spongy, and palisade), Fibers, Xylem (Tracheids and Vessel Elements), Phloem (Sieve-tube members and Companion Cells), Epidermal (Epidermis, Endodermis, Guard Cells) |
| What is the endosperm? | Stored food inside the seed, formed by double fertilization. |
| What is a root? | Provides the plant with water and nutrients from soil. Keeps the plant attached to the ground. |
| What is a stem? | Main body of a plant that usually rises above ground. |
| What are leaves? | flattened structure of a plant attached to the stem of a plant, main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. |
| What is a shoot? | Consists of stems, leaves, lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds. |
| What is the primary root? | The first root of a plant originating from the embryo. |
| What is a taproot? | Large, dominant root where other roots sprout laterally from. Seen in gymnosperms. |
| What are lateral roots? | Roots that extend horizontally from the primary root, help anchor the plant into soil. |
| What are root hairs? | Helps roots sense their environment which determine the way to grow. |
| What is a root cap? | At the very tip of the root. Serves to protect the root apical meristem from injury as it grows. |
| What is the root apical meristem? | Growth region in plants found within the root tips and tips of new shoots and leaves. |
| What is a node? | Where leaf stems attach to and the node is attached to the main stem. |
| What is the internode? | Stem regions between nodes. |
| What is an axillary bud? | Embryonic shoot located on an axil or leaf, has the potential to form shoots. |
| What is the lateral meristem? | Meristem that is arranged parallel to the sides of a plant. Responsible for the width of a plant/ |
| What i a terminal bud? | Primary growing point at the top of the stem of a plant. |
| What is the apical meristem? | Meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that produces auxin and causes it to increase in length. |
| What are true leaves? | Leaves of a seed plant that contain vascular plant. |
| What are simple leaves? | A single leaf that is never undivided into smaller leaflets units. |
| What are compound leaves? | A leaf in which the blade is divided into the midrib, forming two or more distinct blades or leaflets on a common axis. |
| What is pinnate? | Resembling a feather. |
| What is palmate? | A leaf resembling an open hand. |
| What is the fibrous root system? | in monocots, there is no dominant taproot, there is just many fibers. |
| What is parallel venation? | Leaf venation where veins are parallel. |
| What is plant dermal tissue? | skin tissue |
| What is ground tissue? | made up of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, used for storage or support during and after growth. |
| What are guard cells? | The two cells that open and close on leaves to create stomata. |
| What is stomata? | Opening in the leaf epidermis which allows for gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues. |
| What is the endodermis? | second layer of dermal tissue that protects the plant from any harmful substances. |
| What are xylem tracheids? | elongated cells in the xylem of vascular plants that transport mineral salts and water. |
| What is phloem sieve-tube members? | Elongated living cells of the phloem, they are the conduits of sugar transport. |
| What are companion cells? | specialized parenchyma cells in the phloem. |
| What are vascular bundles? | strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant. |
| What is parenchyma? | cellular tissue found in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems. |
| What is the pith? | tissue in the stems of vascular plants. |
| What is the cortex? | outer layer of a stem or root in a plant, lying below the epidermis but outside the vascular bundles. |
| What is the vascular cambium? | plant tissue located between the xylem and phloem in the stems and root of a vascular plant. |
| What is spongy mesophyll? | Layer of cells in the interior of leaves, consisting of loosely arranged, irregularly shaped cells that have chloroplasts. |
| What is palisade meophyll? | layer of columnar cells rich in chloroplasts found beneath the upper epidermis of foliage leaves. |
| What is the zone of division? | Closest to the root tip and is made of dividing cells of the root meristem. |
| What is the zone of maturation/elongation? | Where newly-formed cells increase in length, lengthening the root. |
| What is the midrib? | Central, thick, linear structure that runs along the length of a plant leaf. |
| What is the mesophyll? | Tissue found in the interior of leaves made of parenchyma. |
| What are the four key chordate characteristics? | A notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a postanal tail. |
| What are the three chordate subphylums? | Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata. |
| What are Subphylum Vertebrata key charcteristics? | Vertebral column, cranium, endoskeleton, neural crest, internal organs, jointed appendages. |
| What is the notochord? | flexible rod made of cartilage and supports the body, anchors muscles, and allows movement. |
| What are jointed appendages? | two pairs of appendages paired together. |
| What is the dorsal hollow nerve cord? | where the nervous system develops. |
| What are pharyngeal gill slits? | connects the esophagus and mouth cavity to the outside. |
| What is the postanal tail? | tailbone that extends beyond the anus. |
| What is the cranium? | a skull made of bones that protects the brain. |
| What is the endoskeleton? | made of bone or skeleton, holds the body together and upright. |
| What are internal organs? | organs, each with a specific purpose, that are kept inside the body. |
| What are tetrapods? | animals with four limbs. |
| What is the body of vertebra? | bony protection for the spinal cord. |
| What is the spinous process? | bony projection off the back of a vertebra where muscles and ligaments can attach. |
| What is the vertebral foramen? | cushioning between spinal cord and bone. |
| What is the spinal nerve? | Carries motor impulses to the muscles of the body. |
| What is the gray matter? | contains neural cells, dendrites and axon terminals. |
| What is the white matter? | contains axons and myelin. plays a key role in nerve cell ability to connect to one another. |
| What is the spinal cord? | center for coordination and reflexes, relays messages from the brain to the body and vice versa. |
| What is jawless? | having no jaw. |
| What are the cartilagionous skeletons? | skeleton made of cartilage |
| What are the placoid scales? | Tiny and super hard scales |
| What is viviparous? | When live birth is given |
| What is oviparous? | Lays eggs outside of body. |
| What is ovoviviparous? | Lays egg inside the body and stays in the mother until birth. |
| What is the spiracle? | Breathing holes in some organisms, usually on the skin and legs. |
| What are nares? | Nostril |
| What is the esophagus? | Hollow tube that sends food down to stomach. |
| What is the pancreas? | Produces enzymes for digestion. |
| What is the swim bladder? | Organ filled with gas to help fish float |
| What is the operculum? | A cover, usually for the gills. |
| What is the lateral line? | sense organs down the length of fish that helps them sense movements and pressure changes around them |
| What are the kidneys? | Remove waste from blood and produce urine |
| What is the stomach? | digests food with acids |
| What are the gonads? | reproductive gland that produces gametes and hormones |
| What is the urinary bladder? | collects and stores urine |
| What is the anus? | Opening where waste product exits the body. |
| What is the heart? | organ that pumps blood through the body. |
| What is ectothermic? | "Cold Blooded" Body temp depends on external sources |
| What is the tympanic membrane? | Eardrum |
| What is the amniotic egg? | Egg produced by birds, reptiles, and some mammals, where embryo develops. |
| What is the contour? | Aerodynamic feathers, usually the outermost. |
| What is the down? | Fine feathers under contour feathers |
| What is endothermic? | Generates heat |
| What is quadrapedal? | Four Feet |
| What are the mammary glands | Produces milk to feed the offspring. |
| What is tissue? | composed of more than one type of cell coming together to perform a function |
| What is an organ? | structure with a defined shape that is composed of more than one type of tissue, and performs a general role in the body. |
| What is an organ system? | organs that are combined to form a larger group which performs a more general role. |
| What is homeostasis? | physiological state of equilibrium, in an effort to achieve survival. |
| What is the integumentary system? Pg. 192 | Protection of underlying structures, prevention of fluid loss, temperature regulation. Skin. |
| What is the skeletal system? | Support and protection of softer body parts, store minerals, produce blood cells. Bones, Joints. |
| What is the muscular system? | Provides body movement, produce heat. Skeletal muscles. |
| What is the nervous system? | Monitor changes in the environment, interpret the changes, and start a response. |
| What is the endocrine system? | Alter the activities of cells by releasing hormones to respond to bodily changes. brain, spinal cord, nerves. |
| What is the cardiovascular system? | transport of blood throughout all areas of the body. heart, vessels. |
| What is the lymphatic system? | protection of the body from foreign things, removes dead cells, and cells that have diseases. spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels. |
| What is the respiratory system? | exchange gasses between bloodstream and external environment. nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. |
| What is the digestive system? | simplify food into basic components to enable absorption. mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, S.I., L.I., pancreas, liver, gallbladder |
| What is the urinary system? | form urine to maintain water balance, salt balance, pH, and nitrogenous waste levels in the blood. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| What is the reproductive system? | produce gametes for fertilization. Male:testes, ductus deferens, urethra, penis, and scrotum. Female:ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina. |
| What is the renal column? | is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. |
| What is the renal pyramid? | The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the ureter to the bladder. |
| What is the renal cortex? | The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone ,The renal cortex is the part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs |
| What are nephrons? | the functional unit of a kidney. |
| What is the CNS? | Central Nervous System |
| What is the PNS? | Peripheral nervous system |
| What is the ganglia? | channel impulses to and from the CNS. |
| What is the dura mater? | the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the cerebrum? | function sin most of the sensory and motor controls of the body. |
| What is the cerebellum? | controls muscle coordination. |
| What is the medulla oblongata? | center for controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. |
| What are the olfactory bulbs? | nerves for controlling sense of smell. |
| What are the optic nerves? | nerves for controlling eye and sense of light. |
| What is the corpus collosum? | connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
| What is the hypothalamus? | functions in regulating temperature and homeostasis. |
| What is the left ventricle? | The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart's chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body |
| What is the right ventricle? | The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. |
| What is the right atrium? | The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated. |
| What is the left atrium? | Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart |
| What is the pulmonary trunk? | It branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which lead to the lungs. ... From here, the blood travels through each of the pulmonary arteries to reach the corresponding lungs. |
| What is the aorta? | the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. In humans it passes over the heart from the left ventricle and runs down in front of the backbone. |
| What is the vena cava? | a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart. There are two in humans, the inferior vena cava (carrying blood from the lower body) and the superior vena cava (carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body). |
| What is the apex? | The tip of the left ventricle, opposite the base of the heart. The apex of the heart moves considerably with each heartbeat, and the point of maximal impulse (PMI) can be felt on the chest wall above the apex. |
| What is the tricuspid valve? | The tricuspid valve is the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium during contraction of the ventricle. |
| What is the pulmonary semilunar valve? | a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart. semilunar valve - a heart valve with cusps shaped like half-moons; prevents blood from flowing back into the heart. |
| What is the pulmonary vein? | a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| What is the bicuspid valve? | the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cusps. |
| What is the aortic semilunar valve? | a semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart. |
| What is the Chordae tendineae? | Thread-like bands of fibrous tissue which attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves of the heart and on the other end to the papillary muscles, small muscles within the heart that serve to anchor the valves. |
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