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Botany- last info
The final few weeks of information
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The word "Gymnosperm" means... | Naked Seed. |
| Do Gymnosperms have fruit around the seed? | Nope! |
| Why were seeds a dramatic development? | Their development allowed seed plants to dominate the earth because seeds allowed plants to germinate away from water and move very far into land. |
| Seed plants are _____________. | Heterosporous. |
| What is Heterosporous? | Having two kinds of spores, designated as microspores and megaspores |
| The two kinds of spores in seed plants are.... | Microspores and Megaspores. |
| Gametophytes live their entire lives..... | under the protection of a parent sporophyte. |
| Megaspores germinate into... | Megagametophytes |
| Microspores germinate into... | Microgametophytes. |
| Megagametophyte retained in the.... | Megasporangium. |
| What is the sporangium? | Nucellus. |
| What is the Nucellus enclosed in? | layers called integuments. |
| What is the opening in the nucellus called? | a microphyte. |
| The nucellus and the integuments are called... | the Ovule. |
| Following fertilization, the ovule develops into.... | a seed. |
| What do integuments develop into? | seed coat. |
| What is a micropyle? | an opening in the seed for sperm to get to the egg. |
| A gymnosperm ovule has..... | Archegonia with egg. |
| Seeds eliminate the need for what? | liquid water for fertilization. |
| What are the four types of Gymnosperms? | Cyads, Ginkgo, Conifers, and Gnetophytes. |
| What is Anthophyta? | Flowering plants. |
| Cycadophyta | Cyads |
| Ginkgophyta | Ginkgo |
| Coniferophyta | Conifers |
| Gnetophyta | Gnetophytes |
| Five things about Phylum Cycadophyta.. | Tropical, has motile sperm, 11 genera and 140 species, produce cones, and sperm has over 40,000 flagella. |
| Four things about Ginkgophyta.. | Motile sperm, Deciduous leaves (turn yellow and fall off), Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving member of the genus and phylum, Diecious (there are male and female plants.) |
| Four things about Phylum Gnetophyta.. | Non-motile sperm, has vessels, 3 genera and 70 species, Welwitschia mirabilis is the only species left. |
| Six things about Phylum Conerophyta.. | Most numerous gymno, 50 genera and 550 species, tallest trees, largest trees, oldest trees, diversified 286-248 million years ago. |
| Why does pinus have needle-like leaves? | they are modified for dry areas. |
| What are seven things about pinus? | Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle, Thick walled hypodermis, sunken stomates, parenchyma of mesophyll has 2 or more resin ducts, Vascular bundles surrounded by transfusion tissue, Endodermis surrounds vascular tissue. |
| In Pinus, the parenchyma of the mesophyll has 2 or more..... | resin ducts. |
| in pinus, the vascular bundles are surrounded by .. | transfusion tissue. |
| In pinus, what surrounds the vascular tissue? | the endodermis. |
| _______ has male and female cones. | Pinus. |
| On pinus, which is higher, the male cones, or the female cones? | the female cones are higher on the tree. |
| Why are the female cones higher on the tree than the male cones in pinus? | so that there is cross fertilization. |
| in pinus, male cones produce .... | pollin grains which are gametophytes. |
| pollin grains | gametophytes |
| in pinus, female cones have... | sterile scales with ovules that turn into seeds |
| in pinus, seeds sit on... | the sterile bracht |
| Pollin is produced by ... | meiosis |
| There are two sperm nuclei. one fertilized the egg, what happens to the other? | it degenerates. |
| Three things about angiosperms | phylum anthrophyta, 235,000 species, great variation in size. |
| What are two examples of the extreme differences in sizes of angiosperms? | Eucalyptus and Wolffia |
| what are the two classes of angiosperms? | Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones |
| How do flower parts differ in Eudicots and Monocots? | in Eudicots, they are usually in fours or fives, in monocots, they are usually in threes. |
| How does pollen differ in Eudicots and monocots? | In Eudicots, pollen has three pores or furrows, known as triaperturate. In Monocots, pollen has one pore or furrow, known as monoaperturate. |
| How are cotyledons different in Eudicots and Monocots? | Eudicots have two cotyledons (duh.) and Monocots have one cotyledon (double duh.) |
| How does leaf venation differ in Eudicots and Monocots? | In Eudicots, leaf venation is usually netlike, while in monocots, it is usually parallel. |
| How do primary vascular bundles in the stem differ from Eudicots to Monocots? | in Eudicots, it is usually in a ring, while in monocots, it is usually in a complex arrangement. |
| How does true secondary growth involving the vascular cambium differ from Eudicots to Monocots? | In Eudicots, it is connomly present, while it is rare in Monocots. |
| Most angiosperms are... | free living. |
| While most angiosperms are free living, some are... | parasitic and saprophytes. |
| What do saprophytes do? | they get their nutrients from decomposing organic matter. |
| ________________ are involved in all saprophytes. | Mycorrhizal relationships. |
| How do saprophytes use the mycorrhizal relationship? | the fungus acts as a bridge to transfer carbs to the saprophytes, which lack chlorophyll. |
| What is the most distinctive feature of angiosperms? | flowers. |
| Flowers are homologous with.... | vegatative shoots |
| A cluster of flowers is called an... | inflorescence. |
| The outermost whorle is the... | calyx or sepal |
| the second whorle is the... | petals, or corolla |
| The third whorle is the... | stamens or androecium |
| the innermost whorle is the.. | pistil/carpels or gynoecium. |
| What is a pedicel? | the stalk of an inflorescence. |
| What is a peduncle? | the stalk of a single flower. |
| Radial | actinomorphic |
| Bilateral | you can only cut it one way to get a mirror image |
| Receptacle | part of the stalk to which other parts are attached |
| The receptacle has... | nodes and internodes, very short internodes, very close together. |
| The sterile parts of the flower attached to the recepticle are... | the calyx and the corolla. |
| Calyx = corolla = | perianth |
| the perianth is... | the calyx and the corolla |
| calyx | sepals |
| corolla | petals |
| What are the fertile parts of the flower? | stames, microsporophylls, and carpals. |
| Stamens = | Androecium (house of man) |
| The stamens include | anther and filaments |
| What are Microsporophylls? | Microspore bearing leaves. |
| Carpels= | pistil, gynoecium (house of women) |
| the carpels include... | stigma, style, and ovary |
| True or false, a flower may have one or more carpels | True. |
| What are carpels? | Leaf-like folded structure which has ovules attached to it |
| what are four things about Ovaries? | contains ovules (immature seeds), may have 2 or more chambers (locules), ovules are located in locules and attached to the placenta, the number of locules equals the number of carpels |
| What are ovules? | immature seeds |
| What are locules? | chambers in an ovary |
| Where are ovules located? | in the locules and they are attached to the placenta. |
| The number of locules equals... | the number of carpels. |
| Parietal placentation | ovules attached to ovary walls |
| Axile placentation | ovules on central column of ovary, partitioned into locules |
| Free central placentation | ovules on central column not connected to ovary walls by partitions |
| Basal placentation | single ovule at b ase of unilocular ovary |
| Apical placentation | single ovule at apex of unilocular ovar |
| A "perfect" flower is... | a flower with both staments and carpels |
| An "imperfect" flower is... | one with only 1 fertile whorle |
| if an imperfect flower has only stamens, it is considered | staminate |
| if an imperfet flower has only carpels, it is considered | carpellate or more commonly, pistillate |
| A "complete" flower... | has all four whorles |
| An incomplete flower... | is missing a whorle |
| True or false, in imperfect flower is never incomplete | FALSE, always. |
| Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant | monoceus (1 house) |
| Staminate and pistilate flowers on seperate plants... | Dioceous (2 houses) |
| Superior ovary | hypogynous flower and Perigynous flower |
| Inferior ovary | epigynous flower |
| Hypogynous flower | sepals, petals, and stamens attached to receptacle below ovary |
| Perigynous flower | sepals, petals, and staments fused to form cup-shaped extension of the recepticle called a hypanthium which is attached below the ovary. |
| What is a hypanthium? | a cup shaped extension of the recepticle |
| Epigynous flower | sepals, stamens, and petals attched to receptacle above the ovary. |
| 2 things about radially symmetrical flowers | regular, actinomorphic |
| 2 things a bout bilaterally symmetrical flowers | irregular, zygomorphic |
| in the Angiosperm life cycle, the gametophyte is.. | greatly reduced and completely embedded in the sporophyte tissue |
| The mature microgametophyte (male) is made of 2 cells | generative cell and tube cell |
| The mature Macrogametophyte (female) has.. | 7 cells and 8 nuclei |
| Pollination in angiosperms is... | indirect. |
| Exocarp | outer, skin-like layer in fleshy fruits |
| Mesocarp | the middle layer that often becomes soft and fleshy. |
| Endocarp | only possessed by certain fruits, it is the innermost layer that closely surrounds the seed or seeds. |
| Pericarp | ovary wall |
| Dehiscent | splitting open and releasing the seeds |
| indehiscent | the seeds remain enclosed within the pericarp tissue and the fruit is the unit of dispersal |
| What is a "simple fruit?"? | a fruit derived from a monocarpous or syncarpous gynoecium. |
| An apple is a | pome |
| an orange is a | hesperidium |
| a watermellon, pumpkin, or squash is... | a pepo |
| a tomato, banana, or grape is | a berry |
| Corn is | Caryopsis |
| Mustard is | silique |
| shepherds purse is | silicle |
| Milkweed is.. | a follicle |
| A strawberry is | accessory |
| Pineapple is.. | multiple fruits |
| A capsule has several... | sutures |
| Ring porous wood | small vessels in summer and large vessels in the spring -i.ed Quercus (oak) |
| Diffuse porous wood | do not have obvious spring wood -i.e. Acer (maple), and Magnolia |
| Non porous Wood | no pores (vessels) -i.e. Pinus |
Created by:
akfehr
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