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Fungi
General Biology II - Fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of habitats do fungi liv in | terrestrial and aquatic habitats |
| fungi is crucial to the well-being of most ecosystems because | fungi recycles most nutrients |
| describe the eating habits of fungi | heterotrophs that feed by absorption, through the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes |
| some fungi (can/cannot) penetrate the cells of other organisms to absorb food | some fungi CAN penetrate the cells of other organisms to absorb food |
| fungi (can/cannot) be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists | fungi CAN be either decomposer, parasite, or mutualist |
| what do decomposers do | break down and absob nutrients from nonliving organic material. |
| what type of things would a decomposer eat | fallen/rotting logs, animal corpses, the waste of living organisms |
| how do fungi live as paracites | they absorb nutrients from living hosts |
| parasitic fungi that kill their hosts are considered to be ____________________ | pathologic |
| describe a mutualist relationship of fungi | fungi absorbs nutrients from their host organism, but their actions are reciprocated with actions that benefit the host |
| Termites do not digest wood. However, termites have fungi living inside them (without harming the termite) that do digest wood. The fungi living inside the termite is considered to be ________________ | mutualistic |
| yeast is (single celled/multicellular) fungi. | yeast is single celled |
| many species of fungi grow as (single celled/multicellular/both) organisms | many species of fungi grow as BOTH SINGLE CELLED AND MULTICELLULAR organisms |
| what types of environments do yeast usually grow in | wet/moist environments |
| how does the multicellular morphology (enhances/inhibits) the fungi's ability to absorb nutrients from surroundings | multicellular morphology ENHANCES ability to grow/absorb |
| multicellular fungi typically have bodies that form a network of ________________ | hyphae |
| what is the hyphae | a tubular cells wall that surrounds the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of cells |
| cell walls (hyphae) is composed of ____________________ | chitin |
| chitin -rich walls can enhance ___________________________ | feeding by absorption |
| what is the function of septa | to divide hyphae into cell s |
| ______________________ fungi lack septa | COENOCYTIC fungi lacks septa |
| what type of fungi is a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei | coenocytic fungi |
| continuous cytoplamic mass results from ________________ | repeated divisions without cytokinesis |
| the interwoven mass called ______________________ infiltrates material with fungus feeds | mycelium |
| what is the function of mycelium | maximizes surface-to-volume ratio (more efficient) |
| specialized hyphae allow some fungi to ______________ | live on living animals |
| fungi with haustoria (specialized hyphae) allows them to exchange/extract nutrients from _________________ hosts | plant |
| what is the mycorrhizae is the | mutually beneficial relationship between fungi with haustoria and plant roots |
| how do micorrhizal fungi help plants | they can improve phosphate ions and other minerals that are important to plants |
| name the root systems of fungi | mycelial |
| name the two types of mycorrhizal fungi | ectomyorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
| how does fungi reproduce | sexual and asexual reproduction |
| __________________________ (organism) sexual reproduction begins when hyphae form two mycelia release pheromones (sexual signaling molecules) | fungi release pheromones during sexual reproduction |
| when the hyphae of different fungi fuse it's called | plasmogamy |
| what is heterkaryon | during plasmogamy when parts of the mycelium coexisting, genetically different nuclei |
| what is dikaryotic | haploid nuclei pair off to a cell one from each parent |
| what is the second stage of sexual reproduction in fungi | karyogamy |
| what is karyogamy | the haploid nuclei (contributed by two parents fuse) producing diploid cells |
| the process of ________________________ and ________________ generated extensive genetic variation | karyogamy; meiosis |
| spores that have been formed in sexual reproduction are also called | sexual spores |
| what is a prerequisite for natural selection in fungi | the sexual process of karyogamy and meiosis generating extensive genetic variation |
| (some/many/all) species of fungi are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually | MANY fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually |
| how do many fungi reproduce asexually | producing filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis |
| which species of fungi form visible mycelia | molds have visible mycelia |
| this type of fungi grows rapidly and produce many spores. however they can also reproduce sexually if they contact a member of species of different mating type | molds |
| how does yeast reproduce asexually | they grow as a single cell, then pinch off small "bud-cells" |
| what kind of fungi have no known sexual stage | yeasts and filamentous fungi |
| filamentous and yeasts fungi are traditionally lumped into the group called _________________________, because they have no known sexual stage | deuteromycetes |
| describe anscestral fungi | aquatic, single-celled, and flagellated protists |
| fungi is more closely related to (plants/animals) than they are to (plants/animals) | fungi is more closely related to ANIMALS than they are related to PLANTS |
| what are the earliest-diverging lineages of fungi that had flagella | Chytrids |
| fungi, along with protists and animals form a clade called the | Opsithokonts |
| the Chytrids originated from groups called | rozella |
| describe rozella | large clade of unicellular fungi |
| what clade of fungi did the rozella belong to | Cryptomycota |
| the chitin cell wall arose after the _________________________ clade | chitin arose after the cryptomycota clade |
| which colonized land first? Plants or fungi | fungi colonized land first |
| what is the benefit (for plants) that resulted from fungi colonizing land first | fungi that was already on land formed symbiotic relationships with early plants |
| Black bread mold is is part of what mold family (or phylum) | zygomycetes |
| in black bread mold, the ____________ is only found where reproductive cells are formed | septa |
| describe the asexual phase of black bread mold | bulbous black sporangia develop as tips of upright hyphae |
| if environmental conditions deteriorate, black bread mold reproduces (sexually/asexually) | black bread mold reproduces ASEXUALLY if environmental conditions deteriorate |
| what item on zygomycetes are resistance to freezing and drying. | zygosporangia |
| when do zygosporangia become metobolically inactive? | with freezing and drying |
| _________________ can aim and shoot sporangia towards bright light | pilobolus |
| a significant group of fungus with almost 100% of its species includes arbuscular mycorrhizae | glomeromycetes |
| what is arbuscular mycorrhizae | the tips of the fungus hyphae that push into plant root cells then branch into tiny tree like arbuscles |
| about ______________________% of all plant species have mutualistic partnership with glomeromycetes | 80% |
| of all the fungi families, includes a very wide variety of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats | ascomycetes (sac fungi) |
| what is the defining feature of ascomycetes | saclike asci |
| when ascomycetes undergo sexual reproduction, they develop fruiting bodies called ___________________, which are _______________ | ascocarps; spore-forming asci |
| truffels, morels, and neurospora are in what phylum of fungi | truffles, morels, and neurospora are ascomyetes |
| some of the most devastating plant pathogens are included in which fungi phylum | ascomycetes are devastating plant pathogens |
| what are lichens | cyanobacteria that form a symbiotic relationship with algae |
| the basidiomycota includes which three major species | mushrooms, puff balls, and shelf fungi |
| what are two types of destructive plant parasites | rusts and smuts |
| in basidiomycota, where does karyogamy usually occur | basidium |
| what is the function of decomposer fungi | they decompose organic material |
| _______________ and bacteria primarily responsible for keeping ecosystems stocked with inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth | fungi and bacteria keep ecosystem stoked with inorganic material |
| describe fungi and mutualism | when fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals |
| how does the mutualist relationship work with their hosts | fungi absorb nutrients from their hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit hosts |
| what are endophytes | fungi that lives inside plant leaves and have a mutualistic relationship with the |
| most fungal endophytes are _____________________ | ascomycetes |
| how does fungi benefit plants | they make toxins that deter herbivores (grasses and nonwoody plants) , they also increase host plant tolerance to heat, drought and heavy metals |
| describe the mutual relationship that farmer ants have with fungi | farmers ants cultivated fungi and help them grow. Then the fungi breaks down leaves for the ants to eat from the hyphae |
| these fungi have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic microorganisms and fungi, and grow on surfaces of rocks, rotting logs, trees, and roofs | lichens |
| _________________________ gives lichen their overall shape, and _____________________ make up most of lichen's mass | Fungus (shape); hyphae (mass) |
| where do a;gae/cyanobacteria reside on lichen | inner layer (below surface) |
| lichen can reproduce asexually in two ways: what are they? | fragmentation or formation of soredia |
| fungi of many lichens (can/cannot) reproduce sexually | fungi of many lichens CAN reproduce sexually |
| how do lichens and algae/cyanobacteria live mutualistically (what does algae/cyanobacteria provide for the lichens) | carbon compounds (organic material) |
| how do lichens and fungi live mutualistically (what does fungi provide for the lichens) | a suitable environment for growth |
| in exchange with their mutualistic partner, what does lichen provide in the relationship | hyphae allows for gas exchange, protection, retains water and minerals. |
| which group of fungi function as important pioneers on cleared rocks (i.e. volcanic flows) and soil surfaces (burnt forests); and this group most likely paved the way for plants | lichens paved the way for plants |
| as parasites what does fungi do | they absorb nutrients from living hosts. however they provide no benefits in return |
| most fungal parasites choose (animal/plant/humans) as living hosts | plants are mostly hosts |
| some fungi (can/cannot) make food crops dangerous to humans (like ergot on rye) by making toxic compounds. | fungi CAN make food crops dangerous |
| which fungi has led to the decline/extinction of about 200 frog species and other amphibians leading to severe skin infections and massive die-offs | batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid) |
| athlete's foot is caused by ____________ | ringworm |
| mycosis is | when fungus infects a person |
| what is an example of a skin mycosis | athlete's foot |
| what is an example of systemic mycosis | inhaled spores (coccidiodomycosis) |
| what is an example of opportunistic mycosis | candida albicans (yeast infections) |
| mycorrhizae (can/cannot) make farming more productive | Mycorrhizae CAN make farming more productive |
| ergot can be used to treat what medical conditions | Hypertension and stop maternal bleeding after childbirth |
| what important phylum of fungus produces penicillium (an important antibiotic) | ascomycete make penicillium |
Created by:
kandriot
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