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Molecular Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA Replication | The process in which the DNA in the chromosomes is copied. |
| Double Helix | DNA is composed of two strands twisted together. |
| Nitrogen Base | A carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. |
| Codon | A group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA that code for one amino acid. |
| mRNA | (aka messenger RNA) brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cell's factory floor, the cytoplasm. |
| rRNA | The ribosome, made of ribosomal RNA, binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order. |
| Transcription | The process in which enzymes make an RNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand in the nucleus. |
| tRNA | (aka transfer RNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. |
| Translation | The process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in protein. |
| Chromosomal mutation | Structural changes in the chromosomes. |
| Frameshift mutation | A mutation in which a single base is added to or deleted from DNA because it shifts the reading of codons by one base. |
| Mutagen | Any agent that can cause a change in DNA. |
| Mutataion | Any change in the DNA sequence. |
| Point Mutation | Mutation in a DNA sequence; occurs from a change in a single base pair. |
| Clone | Genetically identical copies of an organism or gene. |
| Gene splicing | In recombinant DNA technology, the rejoining of DNA fragments by vectors and other enzymes. |
| Genetic Engineering | Method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host organism of the same or a different species. |
| Plasmid | Small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell that is used as a biological vector. |
| Recombination DNA | DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different sources |
| Restriction Enzyme | DAN-cutting enzymes that can cut both strands of a DNA molecule at a specific nucleotide sequence. |
| Transgenic organism | Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism. |
| Vector | Means by which DNA from another species can be carried into the host cell; may be biological or mechanical. |
| Gene Therapy | Insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders. |
| Human Genome | Map of the approximately 80,000 genes on 46 human chromosomes that when mapped and sequenced, may provide information on the treatment or cure of genetic disorders. |
| Linkage Map | Genetic map that shows the location of genes on a chromosome. |
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csmith3878
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