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Gen. Bio II - seedle
Plant Diversity - Seedless Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the importance of plants colonizing the land | land plants enabled other life-forms to survive on land |
| what are three important things that plants on land supplied for other land based-life forms | 1) supply oxygen, 2) source of food for animals, and 3) roots create habitats for other organisms by stabilizing soil |
| what is the thought to be the original plant species that inhabited land | charophytes |
| what is the closest relative to the charophytes | green algae |
| in order for survive on land, carophytes developed a durable layer made of a polymer _____________________. Which prevents exposed zygotes from drying out | sporopollenin |
| what helped plants live permanently above the water land | sporopollenin developed in order to keep seeds from drying out |
| name five traits that make land plants different from their algal relatives | 1) alternation of generations, 2) multicellular dependent embryos, 3) walled spores produced in sporangia, 4) multicellular gametangia, and 5) apical meristems |
| ___________________ is the trait that includes parental tissues protecting the developing embryo by providing nutrients via placental transfer cells | mutlicellular, dependent embryos |
| what kind of derived (yet really important) trait do empbryophytes exhibit | multicellular, dependent embryos - when parental tissue help protect and provide nutrients for developing embryos |
| spores are haploid reproductive cells that grow into ______________________ by mitosis | spores grow into gametophytes by mitosis |
| what organ in plants produce sporophytes | sporangia |
| diploid sporocytes undergo __________________ to become haploid spores | meiosis |
| ________________ protects spores, which is key for terrestrial adaptation | sporopollenin |
| what is the name of the female gametangia | archegonia |
| what is the name of the male gametangia | antheridia |
| what is the function of the archegonia | a pear shaped organ the produces a single non-motile egg |
| what is the function of the antheridia | to produce and release sperm into the environment |
| where is the egg fertilized in a plant | within the archegonium |
| where does the zygote develop into an embryo in a plant | archegonium |
| the ___________________ is a localized region of cell division at the tips and the roots of shoots | apical meristem |
| cells produced in the apical meristem differentiate into outer ______________ and various inner tissues | epidermis |
| __________ apical meristems also generate leaves | shoot apical meristems |
| the ______________ is the waxy outer covering of the epidermis of plants | cuticle |
| what is the function of the cuticle | to act as waterproofing agents and also provides some protection from microbial attack |
| the ___________________ are sepcialized pores which allow for exchange of CO2 and O2 as well as water | stomata |
| what function that is important to plant life that is supported by stomata | photosynthesis |
| what is mycorrhizae | the symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi nutrient and water absorption; helping plants without roots |
| plants that are nonvascular are most commonly known as | bryophytes |
| 93% of plants are (vascular/nonvascular) | 93% of plants are vascular |
| name two clades of the seedless vascular plants | lycophytes and monilophytes |
| a seed is a plant embryo packed with _____________________ | a supply of nutrients inside and a protective coat |
| name the two groups of seeded plants | 1) gymnosperms and 2) angiosperms |
| nonvascular plants (or _______________________________________) are represented by three phyla of small herbaceous plants | nonvascular plants (or bryophytes) |
| name the three phyla of nonvascular plants | 1) liverworts, 2) mosses and 3) hornworts |
| the dominant stage of the bryophyte life cycle | gametophyte stage |
| bryophyte __________________ form ground-hugging carpets | bryophyte gametophytes |
| why are bryophytes so low to the ground | 1) partly because their body parts are too thing to support tall plants, 2) there is a height constraint because their tissue is avascular |
| bryophyte gametophytes are anchored by ___________________ | rhizoids |
| describe rhizoids | they are root-like organs that lack specialized conducting cells, therefore they do not play a role in water/nutrient absorbtion |
| bryophyte gametophyes can form (a single/multiple) gametangia | bryophytes can form multiple gametangia |
| in order to fertilize a bryophyte egg, flagellated sperm _____________ | swims though a film of water |
| what phylum are liverworts in | hepatophyta |
| liverworts have gametophytes that are shaped like ____________ | the human liver |
| the gametophytes grow (vertically/horizontally) and often have (a single/multiple) sporophytes attached | horizontally; multiple |
| (liverwort/hornworts) have a symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria since nitrogen in short supply in those types of areas | hornworts |
| these objects appear when the bryophytes are reproducing asexually | brood bodies are the results of asexual reproduction |
| the _________________ _______________ are small plantlets that breack off from parent and grow into new genentically identical copies of its parent | brood bodies |
| bryophyte (sporophytes/gametophytes) consist of a foot, seta, and capsule | bryophyte sporophytes |
| the foot of the bryophyte is embedded in (archegonium/antheridia) and absorbs nutrients from (gametophytes/sporophytes) | archegonium; gametophytes |
| the seta is the ____________ of the bryophyte that conducts materials to sporangium | stalk |
| another name for the sporangium of the bryophytes | caspule |
| bryophytes help retain which necessary element in the soil, which is why they are common and diverse in forests and wetlands | nitrogen |
| bryophytes (are capable/incapable) of surviving in extreme environments | are capable |
| moss cell walls are (capable/incapable) of absorbing damaging levels of radiation.living at high altitudes | moss is capable of absorbing damaging radiation and living at high altitudes |
| vascular seedless plants evolved (before/after) bryophytes | after |
| early vascular systems (do/do not) have roots | early vascular plants DO NOT involve roots |
| name the two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants | xylem and phloem |
| ____________________ are spore-bearing leaves | sporophylls |
| the (gametophyte/Sporophyte) is the dominate phase in vascular plants | sporophyte phase |
| the __________________ vascular tissue conducts water and minerals, up the stem | xylem carries water and minerals |
| the ____________________ vascular tissue carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic products down . | phloem conduct and distribute sugars and amino acids |
| what are tracheids | tube-shaped cells that carry water from roots |
| what is the name of the polymer that strengthens the water conducting cells | ligin |
| what are roots | organs that absorb water and nutrients from soil, and anchor the plants |
| ______________________ resemble stem tissue | roots |
| what is the function of leaves | increase surface area of plant body and serve as primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
| what are the two classifications of leaves | microphylls and megaphylls |
| the (microphylls/megaphylls) are small, spine-shaped leaves supported by single strand of vascular tissue | microphylls are small and spine-shaped |
| the (microphylls/megaphylls) where the first to evolve | microphylls were the first to evolve |
| the (microphylls/megaphylls) are typically larger and highly branched vascular system | megaphylls are larger and highly branched |
| ________________ are modified leaves that bear sporancia | sporophylls are modified leaves |
| on the under side of sporophylls there are clusters of sporangia known as | sori |
| What type of plants groups sporophylls from cone-like structures called strobili | lycophytes and most gymnosperms |
| most seedless vascular plants are (homosporous/heterosporous) | most seedless plants are HOMOSPOROUS |
| what is a homosporous plant | a plant that produces one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore |
| at (homosporous/heterosporous) species has two types of sporangia and produces two kinds of spores | heterousorous has two types of spores |
| (megaspores/microspores) develop into female gametophytes and (megaspores/microspores) develops into male gametophytes | megaspores = female; microspores = male |
| name the two clades of seedless vascular plants | lycophytes and monilophytes |
| club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are all in the _______________ clade of seedless vascular plants | club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are all lycophytes |
| ferns , horsetails, and whisk ferns are all in the ____________ clade | ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns are in the monilophytes |
| (lycophytes/monilophytes) grow on tropical trees as epiphytes (plants that use other plants as a substrate, but are not parasites) | lycophytes grow on tropical trees as epiphytes |
| (lycophytes/monilophytes) have megaphylls | monilophyte have megaphylls |
| another term for horsetails is __________________ because of their stems have joints | arthrophytes |
| the evolution/growth of this type of plants have lead to the reduction of CO2 levels during the Carboniferous | seedless vascular plants |
| what is the importance of the CO2 storage by seedless plants during the Carboniferous period | it became stored as in rocks or as peak, which have now turned into coal. No the burning of this coal has lead to "global warming." |
Created by:
kandriot
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