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Earth Science Ch. 2

QuestionAnswer
Geocentric Theory Places the earth at the center with the sun and the planets orbiting the earth
Ptolemaic Theory Improvement on the geocentric theory, but still geocentric with an eccentric orbit
Eccentric Off-center rotation; a circular path around an object located at a point other than the center of a circle
Retrograde Motion The apparent backward movement of the superior planets caused by the difference in orbital speed between Earth and the planet being observed
Epicycle Small loops in a planet’s motion
deferent An imaginary crystal sphere surrounding the earth for each of the visible planets, the moon, the sun, all of which revolved around the earth
Heliocentric theory The sun at the center, with the earth and other planets orbiting around it
Law of universal gravitation Any two objects attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
rotate To spin on an axis that passes through the center of an object
axis An imaginary line passing through the center of an object about which the object spins or rotates, earth’s is tilted at 23.5 degrees
revolution The earth’s movement around the sun
inertia The tendency of all objects in the universe to remain at rest if initially at rest or, if in motion to remain in motion in the same direction at a constant speed
Coriolis effect The tendency of objects initially moving in a straight path over the earth’s surface to be deflected due to the earth’s rotation.
Foucalt pendulum An instrument used to demonstrate that the earth rotates on its axis.
ecliptic The apparent path of the sun among the stars.
Tropic of Cancer The line of latitude at 23.5 degrees North. The sun’s northernmost overhead noon position at the summer solstice
Summer solstice The day (about June 21) when the sun’s overhead noon position is the farthest north
equinox Either of two days during a year when the sun’s noon position is directly above the equator, making day and night approximately equal in all places on the earth
Vernal equinox The day that the sun’s overhead noon position crosses the equator (about March 21).
Autumnal equinox The day that the sun’s overhead noon position crosses the equator (about Sept 22nd) as it moves southward.
parallax An apparent shift in position of an observed object caused by a change in the point of observation.
Lunar calendar A calendar with months that correspond to the length of the moon’s cycle
Lunisolar calendar A calendar that takes into account both the solar year and the lunar month, making the necessary adjustments to keep the calendar in agreement with the seasons
Solar calendar A calendar that is based on the solar year and ignores the lunar cycle
Leap year A calendar in which one or more extra days is added to the calendar year to keep it in phase with the seasons.
orbit The path defined by an object’s revolution
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