Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SCI 221
A & P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | the relatively constant states maintained by the body |
| Integumentary | separates internal environment from external environment, providing stability of internal fluid volume |
| Skeletal | supports and protects internal environment, allowing movement; stores minerals that can be moved into and out of internal fluid |
| Muscular | powers and directs movements; provides heat |
| Nervous | regulates homeostatic mechanisms, sensing changes, integrating information, sending signals to effectors |
| Endocrine | regulates homeostasis by secreting signaling hormones that travel through internal environment to effector cells |
| Cardiovascular | maintains internal constancy by transporting nutrients, water, oxygen, hormones, wastes, and other materials and heat within the internal environment |
| Lymphatic | maintains constant fluid pressure by draining excess fluid from tissues, cleaning it, and recycling it to bloodstream |
| Immune | defends internal environment against harmful agents |
| Respiratory | maintains stable O2 and CO2 levels in body by exchanging these gases between external and internal environments; provides vocal communication with others for protection, hunting, etc. |
| Digestive | maintains relatively constant nutrient level in body by digesting food and absorbing nutrients into internal environment |
| Urinary | maintains constantly low level of waste and regulates pH of internal environment; helps maintain constancy of internal water volume and balance of ions and other substances |
| Reproductive | passes genetic code containing information for forming a body and maintaining homeostasis to offspring |
| There is a minimum of four basic components in every feedback control loop | 1. Sensor mechanism 2. Integrator or control center 3. Effector mechanism 4. Feedback |
| Sensor | any agent or mechanism that detects a change in conditions (or stimulus) inside or outside the body, such as a sensory receptor |
| Integrator | an integration center or control center that receives sensed information and compares that to stored or setpoint information, possibly sending a response to an effector that will act to change the value of the sensed information |
| Effectors | organ, gland, or muscle that responds to a regulatory control signal, such as a nerve stimulus or hormone |
| Negative feedback | feedback control system in which the level of a variable is changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus |
| Positive feedback | feedback control system that is stimulatory; tends to amplify or reinforce a change in the internal environment |
| Feed-forward | concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow |
| Intracellular control | level of homeostatic control of body processes that occurs within cells, as in genetic regulation or enzymatic regulation of the cell |
| Intrinsic control | level of homeostatic control of body processes that occurs within a particular tissue or organ, as when local regulators such as prostaglandins regulate local physiology |
| Extrinsic control | style of physiological regulation in which the control center (regulatory center) is outside, or extrinsic to, the tissue being regulated; for example, the brain’s control of a leg muscle or the pituitary gland’s regulation of the thyroid gland |
| Epidemiology | study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations |
| Idiopathic | refers to a disease of undetermined cause |
| Prions | short for “proteinaceous infectious particles,” which are proteins that convert proteins of the cell into different proteins and the altered form of the protein may then be inherited; may act as a pathogen, forming abnormal protein tangles in brain cells |
| Ions | ions can be positively or negaitively charged and that ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other |
| Signal transduction | process of changing a signal such as a hormone or neurotransmitter into another form such as enzymatic reaction within the cell receiving the signal |
| Hydrogen bonds | hydrogen bonds are much weaker forces than ionic or covalent bonds they require less energy to break. hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule |
| Chromatin | threadlike form of DNA, making up the genetic material in the nucleus |
| Microfilaments | smallest cell fibers |
| Three basic types of chemical reactions | 1. Synthesis reactions 2. Decomposition reactions 3. Exchange reaction |
| Synthesis reactions | chemical reaction that combines two or more reactants to form a more complex structure |
| Exchange reactions | chemical reaction that breaks down a compound and then synthesizes a new compound by switching portions of the molecules |
| Intermediate filaments | twisted strands of protein, slightly larger than microfilaments that make up part of the cell’s internal skeleton |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | is made up of broad, flattened sacs that extend outward from the boundary of the nucleus |
| Dehydration synthesis | anabolic process by which molecules are joined to form larger molecules; often called condensation reaction because it joins molecules together into a denser mass |
| Buffers | compound that combines with an acid or with a base to form a weaker acid or base, thereby lessening the change in hydrogen ion concentration that would occur without the buffer; often operates as buffer pairs |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | No ribosomes border the membranous wall; part of the network is usually more tubular in structure than the flattened sacs of the RER |
| Endoderm | innermost layer of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy; gives rise to digestive and urinary structures, as well as many other glands and organ parts |
| Mesoderm | middle layer of the primary germ layers; gives rise to such structures as muscle, bones, and blood vessels |
| Ectoderm | outermost of the primary germ layers that develops early in the first trimester of pregnancy; gives rise to the skin and the nervous system |
| Proteins | large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body |
| Glycoproteins | substance made of molecules that are a combined form of carbohydrate and protein |
| Proteoglycans | large molecule made up of a protein strand that forms a backbone to which are attached many carbohydrate molecules |
| Polysaccharides | complex sugar or starch, such as glycogen and plant starches; made up of many monosaccharides |
| Three types of exocrine glands may be identified | 1. Apocrine 2. Holocrine 3. Merocrine |
| Stratum basal | “base layer”; deepest layer of the epidermis; cells in this layer are able to reproduce themselves |
| Friction ridges | raised underlying dermal papillae; form fingerprints |
| Stratum spinosum | “spiny layer”; layer of epidermis that is rich in RNA to aid in protein synthesis required for keratin production |
| Stratum granulosum | “granular layer”; layer in which the process of keratinization begins |
| Stratum lucidum | “clear” layer of the epidermis, in thick skin between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum |
| Stratum corneum | tough outer layer of the epidermis; cells are filled with keratin |
| Eumelanin | type of melanin pigment that is dark brown in color |
| Pheomelanin | type of melanin pigment that is reddish in color |
| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| Epiphyses | end of a long bone; also, the pineal body of the brain |
| Articular cartilage | either of a pair of cartilages found in the supporting framework of the larynx |
| Periosteum | tough, connective tissue covering the bone |
| Medullary cavity | hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow marrow |
| Interstitial growth | cartilage growth following mitosis and secre-tion of matrix by chondrocytes; interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate results in growth in length of long bones |
| Appositional growth | process by which a flat bone or cartilage grows in size by addition of bony cartilage at its surface |
| Endochondral ossification | process by which bones are formed by replacement of cartilage models |
| Intramembranous ossification | process by which most flat bones are formed within connective tissue membranes |
| Ossification centers | bone formation centers |
| Primary ossification center | where a blood vessel enters the cartilage of a developing bone at the midpoint of the diaphysis to initiate bone formation |
| Secondary ossification centers | growth center located in the epiphyses of long bones |
| Metaphysis | hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow marrow |
| Synarthroses | joint in which fibrous connective tissue joins bones and holds them together tightly; commonly called sutures |
| Amphiarthroses | slightly movable joint such as the one that connects the two pubic bones |
| Diarthroses | freely movable joint |
| Gomphoses | fibrous joint where a process is inserted into a socket; for example, the joint between the tooth and mandible |
| Syndesmoses | fibrous joint |
| Synchondroses | joint characterized by the presence of hyaline cartilage between articulating bones |
| Biaxial joints | skeletal articulation that has two axes of movement |
| Multiaxial joints | joint that permits movement around three or more axes and in three or more planes |
| Radioulnar joints | articulation of the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna |
| Radiocarpal joints | the point of articulation where the radius distally articulates directly with the carpal bones |
| Intercarpal joints | articulation between the eight carpal bones |
| Carpometacarpal joints | skeletal articulation between a wrist (carpal) bone and hand (metacarpal) bone |
| Interphalangeal joints | articulation that exists between the heads of the phalanges and the bases of the more distal phalanges |
| Prepatellar bursitis | inflammation of the prepatellar bursa; also called “housemaid’s knee” |
| Satellite cells | a type of Schwann cell (neuroglial cell) that sur-rounds the cell bodies of neurons of the peripheral nervous system |
| Isotonic contraction | type of muscle contraction in which the muscle sustains the same tension or pressure and a change in the distance between two bones occurs |
| Isometric contraction | level of homeostatic control of body processes that occurs within cells, as in genetic regulation or enzymatic regulation of the cell |
Created by:
JoyceH
Popular Nursing sets