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Gen Bio. II - Chap28
Protist
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| protists are (eukaryotes/prokaryotes) | protists are eukaryotes |
| describe the classification for most protists | mostly small and unicellular organisms |
| who first discovered the protists. | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| how did Leeuwenhoek first discover the protists | when he looked at pond water under his microscope |
| what are most protists related to | fungi, plants and animals |
| how many kingdoms are the protists considered to be in | one (for now) |
| which group of eukaryotes show more structural and functional diversity than other eukaryotes | protists |
| how many super groups of Eukaryotes exists | four |
| name the four groups of Eukaryotes | 1) Excavata, 2) "SAR" Clade, 3) Archaeplastida, 4) Unikonta |
| _______________________ seems to be the origin of most of protistan diversity | endosymbiosis |
| evidence points to mitochondrion and plastids (Chloroplasts) were derived from _________________ | prokaryotes that were being engulfed |
| mitochondrion being engulfed by prokaryotes is an example of ___________ | endosymbiosis (is when mitochondrion were engulfed by prokaryotes) |
| it appears that (Mitochondrion/Prokaryotes) have evolved first | mitochondrion |
| describe exavates | 1) modified mitochondria, 2) unique flagella, 3) a groove on the side of the body |
| Diplomonads are apart of what supergroup | excavates |
| name this parasitic organism that contains mitosomes, found in anaerobic conditions | diplomonads |
| mitosomes are __________ | highly modified mitochondria |
| Giardia are examples of (Diplomonads/Parabasalids) | Giardia are Diplomonads |
| which organism contains hydrogenosomes and release hydrogen | Parabasalids |
| hydrogenosomes are ________________ __________________ that generate energy anaerobically | reduced mitochondria |
| Trichonomas are examples of (Diplomonads/Parabasalids) | trichonomas are examples of parabasalids |
| what is the most diverse clade of the excavates | euglenozoans are the most diverse clade of excavates |
| what are the two best-studied groups or the euglenozoans | kinetoplastids and euglenids |
| __________________ are flagellated have rod with either spiral or a crystalline structure | euglenozoans |
| which member of the eulenozoans have a single, large mitochondrion containing organized mass of DNA (kinetoplast) | kinetoplastids |
| what is the main food source for kinetoplastids | other prokaryotes, animals (as parasites), plants, and other protists |
| Trypanosoma are examples of (euglenozoans/diplomonads) | Trypanosoma are euglenozoans |
| what division of the euglenozoans are Trypanosoma a part of | kinetoplatids |
| Trypanosoma spread by the Tsetse Fly can cause _______________ | sleeping sickness |
| Trypanosoma spread by the Chagas' can cause _______________ | congestive heart failure |
| the Euglenids are a division of which group of Excavates (Parabasalids/euglenozoans) | euglenids are a division of the excavates |
| this division of the Euglenozoans have a pocket at one end of the cell from which flagella emerge and some are mixotrophs | euglenids |
| define mixotroph | a unicellular organism (generally) that can both perform photosynthesis and become heterotrophs (when sunlight is unavailable) |
| what supergroup, clade, and subdivisions is the organism Euglena found | Excavates (supergroup), Euglenozoans (clade), Euglenids (subdivision) |
| what environement is euglena commonly found | pond water |
| of the Excavates supergroup, which is the most diverse clade | the "SAR" clade is the most divers |
| which excavates clade lacks a formal name and is a acronym of its three major clades in the group | the "SAR" clade does not have a formal name |
| what are the three major clades of the SAR clade | 1) stramenopiles, 2) alveolates, 3) Rhizarians |
| the ________________________ clade of the SAR clade includes some of the most important photosynthetic organisms and has a pair of hairy flagellum (one hairy and one smooth) | stramenopiles |
| that are the three groups in the stramenopiles | 1) Diatoms, 2) Golden Algae, 3) Brown Algae |
| which member of the stramenopiles clade of the "SAR" supergroup is unicellular, has a glass like wall that consists of two over lapping parts and is made of silicon dioxide | diatoms |
| why is it important that diatoms have two overlapping parts | 1) provides protection and 2) it allows the diatoms to withstand a lot of pressure |
| diatomaceouus earth is used as a filtering medium and is made up of fossilized _____________________ | diatoms |
| name some characteristics of the golden algae | 1) biflagellated with both flagella attached near one end of the cell, 2) components of freshwater and marine plankton, 3) most unicellular, 4) all photosynthetic (some mixotrophs) |
| golden algae is apart of what clade in the SAR super group | golden algae is part of the stramenopiles |
| what group of algae is the largest and most complex group of algae | brown algae is the largest and most complex group |
| all brown algae is (uni/multi) cellular | all brown algae is MULTIcellular |
| ___________________(color) algae sis most commonly known as "seaweed" | BROWN algae is most commonly known as seaweed |
| brown algae (is/is not) a plant | brown algae IS NOT a plant |
| ____________________ (color) algae exhibits alternation of generations | brown algae exhibits alternation of generations |
| define the alternation of generations | the alternation of haploid and diploid forms of a cell |
| the diploid form of brown algae is know as _______________ | sporophyte |
| what is the name of brown algae sporophyts | zoospores |
| what is the haploid form of brown algae | gametophyte |
| when a haploid (gametophyte) is fertilized it becomes __________________ | the next sporophyte |
| the generations of Laminaria are ____________________________ | heteromorphic |
| define heteromorphic | an organism that appears different based on the haploid v. diploid stages |
| define isomorphic | when an organism exhibits same/similar stages |
| name some features of the alveolates in the SAR clade | 1) have enclosed membransous sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane, 2) diverse group living in diverse habitats, |
| the alveolate clade breaks down into three more clades. name them | 1) dinoflagellates, 2) apicomplexans, 3) ciliates |
| dinoflagellates have many cells that are reinforced by ______________________ | cellulose plates |
| what causes the dinoflagellates to spin | to flagella located inside the grooves of the cellulose plates |
| what is an important species or phytoplankton | dinoflagellates |
| what is the eating style of dinoflagellates | most are heterotrophic, but some are mixotrophs |
| which SAR organism can create red tides that can kill invertebrate aquatic animals and harm humans | dinoflagellates cause red tides |
| what alveolate clade is made up almost entirely of parasites | apicomplexans |
| how do apicomplexans spread to host via infections cells called | sporozoites |
| sporozoites have what kind of feature that can penetrate their host | an apex on one end that contains a complex of organelles |
| what is the name of the modified plastid that is retained by a apicomplexan | apicoplast |
| the ____________________________ has intricate life cycles, often requiring more than one host | apicomplexans have intricate life cycles often, requiring more than one host |
| ________________________ is the organism that causes malaria | plasmodium |
| what clade of the SAR supergroup do the ciliates belong to | ciliates belong to the alveolates |
| how do ciliates move around | ciliates use cilia to move (placement is different in different species) |
| what two organelles make the ciliates distinct really distinctive | ciliates have two nuclei (macronuclei and micronuclei) |
| ciliates have two nuclei, which nuclei is a haploid that forms from the sexual process of conjugation | micronuclei undergoes conjugation |
| why is conjugation important in ciliates | conjugation leads to genetic variation |
| in the ciliates, which of the two nuclei is larger and controls the daily processes of the cell | macronuclei controls the daily processes of the cell |
| which member of the SAR clade reproduces with binary fission | ciliates reproduce with binary fission |
| how does binary fission work in the ciliates | the marconucleus disintegrates and fuses with the micronuclei to form a new nucleus |
| the Rhizarian clade is part of which supergroup | rhizarians are members of the SAR clade |
| amoebas are apart of the ________________ clade of the SAR super group | amoebas are part of the RHIZARIAN |
| how do the rhizarians move and feed | rhizarians have thread like pseudopodia |
| what are the three main groups of the rhizarian clade | 1) Radiolarians, 2) Forams, 3) Cercozoans |
| ________________ have delicate and intricately symmetrical skeletons made of of silica | radiolaria are delicate and have skeletons made of silica |
| describe the pseudopodia of a radiolaria | they are threadlike and radiate from a central body, the pseudopodia is reinforced by microtubules covered by thin cytoplasm |
| what is the purpose of the cytoplasm covering the pseudopodia of radiolarians | engulfs organisms stuck to the pseudopodia |
| what makes up the ooze that you feel covering the sea floor | dead radiolarians that have settled on the sea floor |
| this Rhizarian is named for its ornate porous shells (called tests) | foraminiferans (or forams) |
| what is the shell of a foraminiferan called | tests |
| the test of a foram is made from a single piece of _____________________ | calcium carbonate (limestone) |
| describe the pseudopodia of the foraminiferans | they extend though pores and help with swimming, test formation, and feeding |
Created by:
kandriot
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