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Gen. Bio II - Phylog
General Biology II - Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Tree of Life comes from the process of ______________________ | the pattern of evolution (observations of evolutionary products) |
| what is phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species of group of species |
| how do biologists reconstruct and interpret phylogenies using | systematics |
| what is systematics | a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
| _________________ is the scientific discipline of naming and classifying organisms | taxonomy |
| why is binomial nomenclature used in formal science terminology | many creatures have multiple common names, this avoids confusion |
| what is the two-part naming system that was developed by Carl Linnaeus | Binomial Nomenclature |
| what are the two names that are used when using binomial nomenclature | genus and species |
| name the seven layers of the animal kingdom (in order starting at domain) | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| name the three domains, | bacteria, eukarya, and archaea |
| what is the unit given to the hierarchy at any level | taxon |
| the ___________________ is a pictorial version of evolutionary relationship | the phylogenetic tree |
| phylogenetic tree is often represented by _______________________ a two-way branch points that represent divergence of two evolutionary lineages from common ancestor | dichotomies |
| what are groups of organizms that share an immediate common ancestor | sister taxa |
| what is the definition of "rooted" when discussing that phylogenetic tree | branch points that represent a recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
| define basal taxa | a lineage that diverges in the tree early |
| what is the branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge | polytomy |
| what is a branch point on a phylogenetic tree | the location on the tree where the lineage diverges |
| a dichotomy/polytomy on a phyolgenetic tree represents | an unresolved pattern of divergence |
| the ____________ shows patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity | phylogenetic tree shows patterns of descent |
| name some industries that might benefit from the practical application of the phylogenetic tree | farmers (help to maintain a good pool of alleles for cross breeding) and investigators (whether a type of whale meat is coming from an endangered group of whales) |
| what kind of data is used to make up phylogenies | molecular data and morphological data |
| what are homoplasies | similar (analogous) structures that arouse independently...no common ancestor |
| how do you evaluated molecular homologies | DNA sequences of organisms are compared and aligned as much as possible to help discern relatedness |
| ______________ is the form of classification that puts species into groups called clades which include an ancestral species and all its descendants | cladistics |
| what is cladistics | the systematic approach to classify organisms using common ancestry as the primary criterion |
| what does it mean when a taxon is Monophyletic | the entire taxon is considered to b a clade because they are all similarly related (this includes a common ancestor and its descendants) |
| on the tree of life, when a group of organisms (Ancestors and descendants) are all on the same branch of the tree. They are considered to be ________________ | monophyletic or a clade |
| define parasympathetic | a group of some (not all) of organisms that have the same ancestor |
| define polyphyletic | two species that are very distantly related. two organisms that aren't even on the same branch of the tree |
| _______________________ characteristic that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. | shared ancestral |
| ___________________ an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a clade | shared derived |
| What is the difference between outgroups and ingroups | an ingroup is the group that is being studied. the outgroups are the groups/species who diverged before the ingroup |
| why is it important to compare the ingroup and outgroup | helps determine which characteristics were derived at which point evolutionarily |
| some phylogenetic treas have proportional branch lengths, what can these represent | genetic change and time. |
| branch lengths proportional to _______________ of genetic changes in each lineage depicted | number of genetic changes |
| what are two things that computer models uses when helping to construct a tree of life? | maximum parsimony and maximum likelyhood |
| maximum ____________________ goes with the fewest evolutionary events | maximum parsimony |
| maximum _______________________ is the most likely tree based on given set of DNA data | maximum likelihood |
| phylogenetic trees are (hypotheses/proven) examples of life trees | hypotheses |
| define orthologous genes | homology gene result of recent evolutionary event |
| when do orthologous genes occur | orthologous genes occurs between genes of different species |
| define paralogous genes | a homology gene result from gene duplication with multiple copies of gene diverging within species |
| lineages that diverged long ago often share many ______________ genes | orthologous genes |
| the number of genes a species has (does/does not) seem to increase through duplication at the same rate as perceived complexity | number of genes a species has DOES NOT increase with perceived complexity |
| define molecular clock | an approach for measuring absolute time of evolutionary change based on observation that some genese and other regions of genome evolve at constant rates |
| what are two assumptions that are made when discussing the molecular clock | 1) the number of nucleotide substitutions is proportional to time elapsed branches, 2) number of substitutions in paralogous genes proportional to time |
| how has studying the Molecular clock helped with the HIV origin | at first it indicated that HIV started spreading to humans in 1930, but recently it has placed the date 1910 |
| how many domains are there | three domains |
| name all three domains | 1) bacteria, 2) archaea, and 3) eukarya |
| _____________ is the domain that is most commonly known prokaryotes | bacteria |
| ______________ is the domain for prokaryotes that live in extreme enviroments | archaea |
| ______________ is the domain for anything that is not prokaryotic | eukarya |
| describe horizontal gene transfer | the process in which genes are transferred from on genome to another through mechanisms of transposable elements and plasmids and viral infections |
| what changes the tree of life depending on which genes are compared | horizontal gene transfer |
Created by:
kandriot